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Journal of Electronics and Control

Cavity Maser Experiments using Ruby at S Band†

W.S.C. Chang, J.C. Cromack, Anthony E.. Siegman

Published Jun 1, 1959• 4 citations

Abstract

A three-level solid-state maser using ruby has been operated at frequencies near 3000 Mc/s, using a high-efficiency cavity having TEM modes in a rectangular geometry. Two different operating points in the θ = 10° to θ =30 ° region of the ruby spectrum gave maser operation with a pump frequency near 10 500 Mc/s, although the inversion obtained was a. sensitive function of the exact operating point. An operating point at θ = 90°, requiring pumping at 13 500 Mc/s, gave a gain-bandwidth product of better than 50 Mc/s. It was also found possible to pump the 1-4 or ΔM = 3 transition at this same operating point, obtaining 3000 Mc/s amplification with a 23 700 Mc/s pump frequency. Although this mode of operation was not fully explored, it is potentially capable of increasing the gain-bandwidth product by a substantial amount.

DOI: 10.1080/00207215908937177

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A three-level solid-state maser using ruby has been operated at frequencies near 3000 Mc/s, using a high-efficiency cavity having TEM modes in a rectangular geometry. Two different operating points in the θ = 10° to θ =30 ° region of the ruby spectrum gave maser operation with a pump frequency near 10 500 Mc/s, although the inversion obtained was a. sensitive function of the exact operating point. An operating point at θ = 90°, requiring pumping at 13 500 Mc/s, gave a gain-bandwidth product of better than 50 Mc/s. It was also found possible to pump the 1-4 or ΔM = 3 transition at this same operating point, obtaining 3000 Mc/s amplification with a 23 700 Mc/s pump frequency. Although this mode of operation was not fully explored, it is potentially capable of increasing the gain-bandwidth product by a substantial amount.

Methods using harmonic spin coupling for operating solid-state masers with signal frequencies higher than the pump frequency are discussed. Expressions for the population inversion ratios are presented, and the maximum signal-to-pump-frequency ratios are calculated. Experimental data is presented on a ruby maser which is operated using the symmetrical method. Amplification was obtained at signal frequencies from 10,320 to 10,740 Mc, using pump frequencies ranging from 9580 to 9670 Mc. An experiment in which maser operation is obtained simultaneously at two frequencies is described.

An investigation of adiabatic rapid passage has been made in ruby at 8 mm wavelengths. Performance data are given on a two-level ruby maser operated both as a pulsed amplifier and as an oscillator at these wavelengths. When amplifying, values of gain and bandwidth of up to about 14 ds and 10 Mc/ s at 1-4° k were obtained, giving root gain-bandwidth products of up to about 50 Mc/ s. In preliminary experiments using the maser as an oscillator output powers of about 70 / z/ v at 33-1 Gc/ s were obtained at 1. 4° K. The inversion technique used, which incorporates magnetic field modulation with the use of the crystal as a cavity, could be readily scaled to considerably higher frequencies.

The computational results of a comparison of maser materials for a 32 GHz maser amplifier are presented. The search for a better maser material is prompted by the relatively large amount of pump power required to sustain a population inversion in ruby at frequencies on the order of 30 GHz and above. The general requirements of a maser material and the specific problems with ruby are outlined. The spin Hamiltonian is used to calculate energy levels and transition probabilities for ruby and twelve other materials. A table is compiled of several attractive operating points for each of the materials analyzed. All the materials analyzed possess operating points that could be superior to ruby. To complete the evaluation of the materials, measurements of inversion ratio and pump power requirements must be made in the future.

BROADBAND VERY-LOW-NOISE microwave amplification has been obtained in a propagating microwave structure by using the emissive property of a three-level solid state maser material. Previous maser amplifiers have employed standing-wave cavity-type microwave structures for coupling to the emissive material.3 Such cavity-type maser amplifiers are limited in bandwidth and gain by the microwave cavity circuit. The bandwidth is limited by regenerative effects in the cavity and the gain is limited by the stringent requirements placed upon the input match and the circulator.

The practical applicability of Masers is often hindered by saturation effects of the maser material. Any strong signal of the same frequency as the maser signal frequency will cause saturation, thus paralyzing the maser for a period of time which is often too long for the intended application. These difficulties have been overcome by desaturating a four-level ruby maser immediately after the maser has been saturated. The experiment was carried out at a signal frequency of 2.5 KMc using an X-band pump. Full recovery of the amplification capabilities of the maser was achieved.