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Journal of Electronics and Control

Adiabatic Rapid Passage in Ruby at 8 mm Wavelengths†

J. S. Thorp, J H Pace, David Sampson

Published Jan 1, 1961• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An investigation of adiabatic rapid passage has been made in ruby at 8 mm wavelengths. Performance data are given on a two-level ruby maser operated both as a pulsed amplifier and as an oscillator at these wavelengths. When amplifying, values of gain and bandwidth of up to about 14 ds and 10 Mc/ s at 1-4° k were obtained, giving root gain-bandwidth products of up to about 50 Mc/ s. In preliminary experiments using the maser as an oscillator output powers of about 70 / z/ v at 33-1 Gc/ s were obtained at 1. 4° K. The inversion technique used, which incorporates magnetic field modulation with the use of the crystal as a cavity, could be readily scaled to considerably higher frequencies.

DOI
10.1080/00207216108937297

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•Aug 15, 1989•4 citations
An investigation of adiabatic rapid passage has been made in ruby at 8 mm wavelengths. Performance data are given on a two-level ruby maser operated both as a pulsed amplifier and as an oscillator at these wavelengths. When amplifying, values of gain and bandwidth of up to about 14 ds and 10 Mc/ s at 1-4° k were obtained, giving root gain-bandwidth products of up to about 50 Mc/ s. In preliminary experiments using the maser as an oscillator output powers of about 70 / z/ v at 33-1 Gc/ s were obtained at 1. 4° K. The inversion technique used, which incorporates magnetic field modulation with the use of the crystal as a cavity, could be readily scaled to considerably higher frequencies.
A three-level solid-state maser using ruby has been operated at frequencies near 3000 Mc/s, using a high-efficiency cavity having TEM modes in a rectangular geometry. Two different operating points in the θ = 10° to θ =30 ° region of the ruby spectrum gave maser operation with a pump frequency near 10 500 Mc/s, although the inversion obtained was a. sensitive function of the exact operating point. An operating point at θ = 90°, requiring pumping at 13 500 Mc/s, gave a gain-bandwidth product of better than 50 Mc/s. It was also found possible to pump the 1-4 or ΔM = 3 transition at this same operating point, obtaining 3000 Mc/s amplification with a 23 700 Mc/s pump frequency. Although this mode of operation was not fully explored, it is potentially capable of increasing the gain-bandwidth product by a substantial amount.
Unprecedented stability of frequency in superconducting, triple-cavity ruby maser oscillator achieved by incorporation of amplitude-control subsystem. New design enhances ultra-stable measurements of time by reducing fluctuations to 2 X 10 to negative 19th power routinely, and to as little as 10 to negative 20th power in exceptional cases. Currents induced in superconducting pickup coil by changes in magnetic field in ruby. Currents from coil fed to superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, output used to generate control signal for electronically variable attenuator. Attenuator varies pump-signal amplitude in response to magnetic-field fluctuations in ruby. Very high feedback-loop gain used for sensitivity of control and adequate compensation of fluctuations.
The use of a quantitative analysis of the dominant source of relaxation in ruby spin systems to make predictions of key maser amplifier parameters is described. The spin-lattice Hamiltonian which describes the interaction of the electron spins with the thermal vibrations of the surrounding lattice is obtained from the literature. Taking into account the vibrational anisotropy of ruby, Fermi's rule is used to calculate the spin transition rates between the maser energy levels. The spin population rate equations are solved for the spin transition relaxation times, and a comparison with previous calculations is made. Predictions of ruby gain, inversion ratio, and noise temperature as a function of physical temperature are made for 8.4-GHz and 32-GHz maser pumping schemes. The theory predicts that ruby oriented at 90 deg will have approximately 50 percent higher gain in dB and slightly lower noise temperature than a 54.7-deg ruby at 32 GHz (assuming pump saturation). A specific calculation relating pump power to inversion ratio is given for a single channel of the 32-GHz reflected wave maser.