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Journal of Electronics and Control

Anomalies in Adiabatic Rapid Passage in Ruby†

J. S. Thorp

Published Dec 1, 1961• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A previous study of adiabatic rapid passage in ruby showed that, contrary to theoretical expectations, only part of some of the chromium absorption lines could be inverted. Measurements of the absorption spectra of the ruby used have now been made, together with further investigation of the conditions under which inversion of part of a line was obtained. It was shown that the anomalies arose from the presence of iron as a paramagnetic impurity in the ruby.

DOI
10.1080/00207216108961508

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VARIATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX DURING LASER OPERATION.

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High-resolution measurements have been made of the anomalous dispersion associated with the two Stark components of the R sub l absorption line in ruby. These preliminary measurements suggest that the R sub l dispersion obeys the Kronig-Kramers relations; however, it is superposed on a background which is itself anomalous because the refractive index increases with increasing wavelength. These measurements cover a wavelength interval of about 0.5 A, and the change in background index is of the order of 0.001 while the R sub l dispersion curve deviates from the background value by about 0.0001 at the maximum. A second surprising feature of the measurements is the observation that coherent radiation from a ruby laser, which was used to illuminate the ruby sample, is absorbed less in traversing the sample than would be expected on the basis of absorption measurements made with incoherent light. Highly accurate measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the ruby laser emission between 63K and 116K and in a second interval between 196K and 207K. Light shielding is described which has been designed and tested to minimize pump light and ruby fluorescence at the detector in experiments with the sample optically pumped. (Author)

•Apr 1, 1965•0 citations
A previous study of adiabatic rapid passage in ruby showed that, contrary to theoretical expectations, only part of some of the chromium absorption lines could be inverted. Measurements of the absorption spectra of the ruby used have now been made, together with further investigation of the conditions under which inversion of part of a line was obtained. It was shown that the anomalies arose from the presence of iron as a paramagnetic impurity in the ruby.
An investigation of adiabatic rapid passage has been made in ruby at 8 mm wavelengths. Performance data are given on a two-level ruby maser operated both as a pulsed amplifier and as an oscillator at these wavelengths. When amplifying, values of gain and bandwidth of up to about 14 ds and 10 Mc/ s at 1-4° k were obtained, giving root gain-bandwidth products of up to about 50 Mc/ s. In preliminary experiments using the maser as an oscillator output powers of about 70 / z/ v at 33-1 Gc/ s were obtained at 1. 4° K. The inversion technique used, which incorporates magnetic field modulation with the use of the crystal as a cavity, could be readily scaled to considerably higher frequencies.
Doubly resonant Raman electron paramagnetic transitions in ruby (Al2{}_{2}2​O3{}_{3}3​:Cr3+{}^{3+}3+) have been investigated using dye laser excitation tuned across the range of the Zeeman components of its well-known R1{R}_{1}R1​ emission line. With magnetic field B normal to c, the optic axis of ruby, it is seen that the Raman electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lines exhibit significant intensity enhancements due to the simultaneous occurrence of ``in resonance'' and ``out resonance,'' as visualized in the Kramers-Heisenberg formalism of inelastic light scattering. The specific Raman EPR features observed in the present study, together with their resonances, however, differ markedly from those observed in our previous investigation with $\mathbf{B}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathbf{c}$. These differences can be traced to level mixing effects within the Zeeman multiplet of the 4A2{}^{4}{A}_{2}4A2​ (ground) state on the one hand, and the negligible value of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ for the $\mathrm{E\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ (excited) state of the R1{R}_{1}R1​ emission line on the other. Furthermore, we note that with B\ensuremath{\perp}c and under resonant conditions, the experimentally observed \ensuremath{\Delta}mmm === \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 pair of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines are not connected by time-reversal symmetry.
The absorption intensities, widths and wave-numbers of R 1 , R 2 and B 1 B 2 lines of Cr 3+ in ruby for the polarized light E ⊥ C 3 and E // C 3 are experimentally studied at 20°K and 4.2°K. Zeeman effect is also studied, using a magnetic field H 0 =24,000 φ, for both R and B lines. The Zeeman effect has not been observed yet for the B lines, while Lehmann has already observed the Zeeman effect for R lines. In our results of R lines, the quantitative aspects of Lehmann's experiment are improved. The comparison is made with the theoretical results given in Part A and it is shown that nice agreements can be obtained when suitable assignments of the spectra are adopted and when fairly large g -shifts of the excited states are introduced.
Virtually simultaneous measurements of the emission and absorption profiles of the ruby R1 line show that no significant Stokes' shift is present. Observations were made on rubies of 0.0055% and 0.0186% Cr by weight with both crystallographic orientations and both polarizations in the temperature range from 77° to 153°K. The position of the peaks in the absorption line matched those of the emission line to within 0.002 cm−1. Shifts of this size or smaller cause no significant change in the operating characteristics of a laser.
High-resolution measurements have been made of the anomalous dispersion associated with the two Stark components of the R sub l absorption line in ruby. These preliminary measurements suggest that the R sub l dispersion obeys the Kronig-Kramers relations; however, it is superposed on a background which is itself anomalous because the refractive index increases with increasing wavelength. These measurements cover a wavelength interval of about 0.5 A, and the change in background index is of the order of 0.001 while the R sub l dispersion curve deviates from the background value by about 0.0001 at the maximum. A second surprising feature of the measurements is the observation that coherent radiation from a ruby laser, which was used to illuminate the ruby sample, is absorbed less in traversing the sample than would be expected on the basis of absorption measurements made with incoherent light. Highly accurate measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the ruby laser emission between 63K and 116K and in a second interval between 196K and 207K. Light shielding is described which has been designed and tested to minimize pump light and ruby fluorescence at the detector in experiments with the sample optically pumped. (Author)