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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Security analysis of quantum cryptography with modified coherent state

Y. J. Lu, Zhe Yu Ou

Published Oct 19, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A modified coherent state is created by mixing a coherent state with optical field from parametric down-conversion in a beam splitter. A two-photon interference effect will cancel the two-photon state. This modified coherent state has ad-vantage over the conventional weak coherent state currently used widely in quantum cryptography. We make numerical analysis on the improvement in secure data rate and transmission distance with the modified coherent state. With a three-photon interference effect to cancel the three-photon state, further improvement is shown to be possible in a newly proposed protocol for quantum cryptography.

DOI
10.1117/12.561718

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A modified coherent state is created by mixing a coherent state with optical field from parametric down-conversion in a beam splitter. A two-photon interference effect will cancel the two-photon state. This modified coherent state has ad-vantage over the conventional weak coherent state currently used widely in quantum cryptography. We make numerical analysis on the improvement in secure data rate and transmission distance with the modified coherent state. With a three-photon interference effect to cancel the three-photon state, further improvement is shown to be possible in a newly proposed protocol for quantum cryptography.
Weak coherent states as a photon source for quantum cryptography have a limit in secure data rate and transmission distance because of the presence of multiphoton events and loss in transmission line. Two-photon events in a coherent state can be taken out by a two-photon interference scheme. We investigate the security issue of utilizing this modified coherent state in quantum cryptography. A 4-dB improvement in the secure data rate or a nearly twofold increase in transmission distance over the coherent state are found. With a recently proposed and improved encoding strategy, further improvement is possible.
Quantum cryptography or quantum key distribution (QKD) applies fundamental laws of quantum physics to guarantee secure communication. The security of quantum cryptography was proven in the last decade. Many security analyses are based on the assumption that QKD system components are idealized. In practice, inevitable device imperfections may compromise security unless these imperfections are well investigated.\n\nA highly attenuated laser pulse which gives a weak coherent state is widely used in QKD experiments. A weak coherent state has multi-photon components, which opens up a security loophole to the sophisticated eavesdropper. With a small adjustment of the hardware, we will prove that the decoy state method can close this loophole and substantially improve the QKD performance. We also propose a few practical decoy state protocols, study statistical fluctuations and perform experimental demonstrations. Moreover, we will apply the methods from entanglement distillation protocols based on two-way classical communication to improve the decoy state QKD performance. Furthermore, we study the decoy state methods for other single photon sources, such as triggering parametric down-conversion (PDC) source. Note that our work, decoy state protocol, has attracted a lot of scientific and media interest. The decoy state QKD becomes a standard technique for prepare-and-measure QKD schemes.\n\nAside from single-photon-based QKD schemes, there is another type of scheme based on entangled photon sources. A PDC source is commonly used as an entangled photon source. We propose a model and post-processing scheme for the entanglement-based QKD with a PDC source. Although the model is proposed to study the entanglement-based QKD, we emphasize that our generic model may also be useful for other non-QKD experiments involving a PDC source. By simulating a real PDC experiment, we show that the entanglement-based QKD can achieve longer maximal secure distance than the single-photon-based QKD schemes.\n\nWe propose a time-shift attack that exploits the efficiency mismatch of two single photon detectors in a QKD system. This eavesdropping strategy can be realized by current technology. We will also discuss counter measures against the attack and study the security of a QKD system with efficiency mismatch detectors.
To increase the security distance of quantum communication,a new scheme of decoy state quantum key distribution with a modified coherent state is proposed.The probability of multi-photon pulse in weak coherent source can be decreased by canceling two photon pulses to improve the security distance.Based on the math model of the decoy state QKD,the formula for the yield and error rate of the single photon pulse with the Modified Coherent State is deduced,and substituted in GLLP to calculate the generation rate of quantum keys.Results show that the decoy state with the Modified Coherent State can increase the secure communication distance about 10%,which is very close to that of the perfect decoy state QKD.
A highly attenuated laser pulse which gives a weak coherent state is widely used in quantum key distribution (QKD) experiments. A weak coherent state has multi-photon components, which opens up a security loophole to the sophisticated eavesdropper. With a small adjustment of the hardware, we prove that the decoy state method can close this loophole and substantially improve the QKD performance. We also propose a few practical decoy state protocols, study statistical fluctuations and perform experimental demonstrations. Moreover, we apply the methods from entanglement distillation protocols based on two-way classical communication to improve the decoy state QKD performance. Furthermore, we study the decoy state methods for other single photon sources, such as triggering parametric down-conversion (PDC) source. We propose a model and post-processing scheme for the entanglement-based QKD with a PDC source. Although the model is proposed to study the entanglement-based QKD, we emphasize that our generic model may also be useful for other non-QKD experiments involving a PDC source. By simulating a real PDC experiment, we show that the entanglement-based QKD can achieve longer maximal secure distance than the single-photon-based QKD schemes. We present a time-shift attack that exploits the efficiency mismatch of two single photon detectors in a QKD system. This eavesdropping strategy can be realized by current technology. We also discuss counter measures against the attack and study the security of a QKD system with efficiency mismatch detectors.