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Chinese Physics Letters

Quantum Secret Sharing with Two-Particle Entangled States

Liu Wei-Tao, Lin-Mei Liang, Cheng-Zu Li, Yuan Jian-Min

Published Nov 29, 2006• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a new protocol for the quantum secret sharing (QSS) task among multiparties with two-particle entangled states. In our scheme, the secret is split among a number of participating partners and the reconstruction requires collaboration of all the authorized partners. Instead of multiparticle Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states, only two-particle entangled states are employed in this scheme. By local operations and individual measurements on either of the two entangled particles, each authorized partner obtains a sequence of secret bits shared with other authorized partners. This protocol can be experimentally realized using only linear optical elements and simple entanglement source. It is scalable in practice.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/23/12/007

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A new quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed,based on N-ordered entangled photon pairs.Entangled photons are used as information carrier.Alice,the private key administrator,will divide the entangled photons into two sequences.One of the sequences will be sent to one of the partners Bob directly.After the safety of the first sequence ensured,the second sequence will be encoded and sent to another partner Charlie.Bob and Charlie will make Bell-based joint measurements with what they have received respectively,thus they obtain keys that Alice released.It needs the administrator and all the partners′ collaboration to get the whole information.Relative to there-particle entangled state,this scheme adopts two bodies entanglement,and can be experimentally realized easier.It only needs linear optical elements and simple entanglement source.

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We present a new protocol for the quantum secret sharing (QSS) task among multiparties with two-particle entangled states. In our scheme, the secret is split among a number of participating partners and the reconstruction requires collaboration of all the authorized partners. Instead of multiparticle Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states, only two-particle entangled states are employed in this scheme. By local operations and individual measurements on either of the two entangled particles, each authorized partner obtains a sequence of secret bits shared with other authorized partners. This protocol can be experimentally realized using only linear optical elements and simple entanglement source. It is scalable in practice.
Abstract We consider two simple and practical protocols for multiparty communication and show their experimental realization. These protocols deal with the task of secret sharing in which a secret message is split among several parties in a way that its reconstruction requires their mutual collaboration. In the presented schemes the parties solve the problem by two different approaches: The first uses as a resource the multiqubit entangled state |Π4‐〉. As no interferometric setups are required here, contrary to known schemes, involving Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states, its implementation is simpler and more stable. In the second scheme only sequential transformations on a single qubit are used. This further tremendously simplifies the method, makes it scalable with regard to the number of participating partners and above all, technologically comparable to quantum key distribution.
We present a simple and practical protocol for the solution of a secure multiparty communication task, the secret sharing, and its proof-of-principle experimental realization. In this protocol, a secret is split among several parties in a way that its reconstruction requires the collaboration of the participating parties. In our scheme the parties solve the problem by sequential transformations on a single qubit. In contrast with recently proposed schemes involving multiparticle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, the approach demonstrated here is much easier to realize and scalable in practical applications.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptographic protocol that utilizes fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to securely distribute and reconstruct secret information among multiple participants. Most existing protocols rely on entangled states (such as Bell and GHZ states), but in practical applications. The preparation of entangled state is constrained by a short quantum coherence time, low state fidelity, etc., which makes it difficult to implement entangled resource-dependent QSS protocols. In this work, a novel practical and verifiable multi-party QSS protocol is proposed based on orthogonal product states, which are easier to prepare than entangled states. During the protocol preparation stage, the secret distributor first converts pre-shared classical secret information into the corresponding orthogonal product states according to the encoding rules, and pre-shares a communication key with participants via quantum key distribution (QKD), which is used to hide the initial quantum sequence information through subsequent particle transformation operations. After preparing the orthogonal product states, the distributor reorganizes the particles by position, extracting particles at the same position from each state to form new sequences, shuffling their order, then applying Hadamard operations using a pre-shared key, inserting decoy particles, and sending the sequences to the participants. After receiving it, participants conduct eavesdropping detection, use the same key for the inverse transformations, retain one particle from each sequence, and sequentially pass the remaining particles until the last participant receives a complete set, triggering state verification with the arbiter distributor. If the verification is successful, the particles will be returned to the first participant and the return stage will follow the same procedure. Only after both the transmission and return stage verifications have passed, will the distributor reveal the initial particle positions, allowing participants to collaboratively reconstruct the secret. In the protocol, the secret distributor acts as an arbitrator to verify the particle state information together with participants at designated points (the end of the transmission stage and the end of the return stage) in order to determine whether the particle-state information is error-free during transmission. If the verification fails at either stage, the protocol will be terminated immediately. Meanwhile, considering that the number of participants may change during the execution of the protocol, a dynamic scheme for personnel changes is designed to ensure the flexibility of the protocol. Through the analysis of possible internal and external attacks, It can be proven that our protocol can effectively resist the existing common attack. Using Qiskit simulation experiments, the core quantum procedures of the protocol can be successfully modeled. The experimental results provide strong computational validation of the theoretical feasibility of the protocol.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a crucial quantum cryptographic method that provides unconditional secu-rity through the principles of quantum mechanics and enables practical applications in information security and distributed computing. Many QSS protocols have been proposed based on various quantum properties and operations. In this study, we propose a new and efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol that utilizes entanglement swapping with the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and introduces a novel structure to efficiently and securely distribute and recover secrets. Due to entanglement swapping, participants can entangle systems without directly interacting with each other, enhancing practical usage. Through GHZ entanglement swapping, initial particle states cannot be directly inferred. The proposed QSS protocol leverages this property to encode information among participants. To decode the secret, participants only require measuring particles on a GHZ basis to get the corresponding information without performing operations. Through security analysis, it is shown that any eavesdropper or dishonest participant will be detected. Efficiency analysis indicates that the proposed protocol substantially reduces costs and significantly enhances efficiency. As the number of participants increases, the resource consumption of the proposed protocol becomes much lower than that of other QSS protocols. In summary, the proposed protocol efficiently achieves unconditional security in QSS, ensuring the secure transmission and sharing of quantum information.
We show how a quantum secret sharing protocol, similar to that of Hillery, Buzek, and Berthiaume (Los Alamos e-print archive quant-ph/9806063), can be implemented using two-particle quantum entanglement, as available experimentally today. We also discuss in some detail how both two- and three-particle protocols must be carefully designed in order to detect eavesdropping or a dishonest participant. We also discuss the extension of a multiparticle entanglement secret sharing and splitting scheme toward a protocol so that m of n persons with m< nm<~nm< n can retrieve the secret.
A new quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed,based on N-ordered entangled photon pairs.Entangled photons are used as information carrier.Alice,the private key administrator,will divide the entangled photons into two sequences.One of the sequences will be sent to one of the partners Bob directly.After the safety of the first sequence ensured,the second sequence will be encoded and sent to another partner Charlie.Bob and Charlie will make Bell-based joint measurements with what they have received respectively,thus they obtain keys that Alice released.It needs the administrator and all the partners′ collaboration to get the whole information.Relative to there-particle entangled state,this scheme adopts two bodies entanglement,and can be experimentally realized easier.It only needs linear optical elements and simple entanglement source.