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Physical Review A

Measurement of the electron affinity of thulium

V. T. Davis, J. S. Thompson

Published Dec 12, 2001• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The electron affinity of thulium has been measured using laser photodetachment electron spectroscopy. The electron affinity of $\mathrm{Tm}{(}^{2}{F}_{7/2})$ was determined to be $1.029\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022\mathrm{eV}.$ The data also show that ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ has at least one bound excited state with a binding energy of $0.979\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017\mathrm{eV}$ relative to the ground state of the thulium atom. The present experimental measurements are compared to a recent calculation of the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and a recent experimental investigation of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}.$

DOI
10.1103/physreva.65.010501

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The electron affinity of thulium has been measured using laser photodetachment electron spectroscopy. The electron affinity of Tm(2F7/2)\mathrm{Tm}{(}^{2}{F}_{7/2})Tm(2F7/2​) was determined to be 1.029\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.022eV.1.029\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022\mathrm{eV}.1.029\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.022eV. The data also show that Tm\ensuremath−{\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}Tm\ensuremath− has at least one bound excited state with a binding energy of 0.979\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.017eV0.979\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017\mathrm{eV}0.979\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.017eV relative to the ground state of the thulium atom. The present experimental measurements are compared to a recent calculation of the electronic structure of Tm\ensuremath−{\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}Tm\ensuremath− and a recent experimental investigation of Tm\ensuremath−.{\mathrm{Tm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}.Tm\ensuremath−.
We have observed a threshold in the electron photodetachment cross section of ${^{88}S\mathrm{r}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions at a photon energy $h\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.820\mathrm{eV}$ and assign it to a ppp-wave transition from the 5s25p2P{5s}^{2}5p^{2}P5s25p2P ground state in ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to the 5s5p3P5s5p^{3}P5s5p3P state in neutral Sr. The measurement was made with a new technique combining the tunable laser photodetachment threshold method with accelerator mass spectrometry. We determine for the first time the electron affinity of Sr to be $48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6\mathrm{meV}$, much smaller than predicted in recent calculations. The 2P1/2^{2}P_{1/2}2P1/2​- 2P3/2^{2}P_{3/2}2P3/2​ fine splitting of the ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state is estimated to be $26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8\mathrm{meV}$.
Negative ions are unique quantum systems where electron correlation plays a decisive role in determining their properties. The lack of optically allowed transitions prevents traditional optical spectroscopy and the electron affinity is, therefore, for most elements, the only atomic quantity that can be determined with high accuracy. In this work, we present a high-precision experimental determination of the electron affinity of cesium. A collinear laser-ion beam apparatus was used to investigate the partial photodetachment cross section for the cesium anion, leaving the neutral atom in the 6p 2P3/2 excited state. A resonance ionization scheme was used to obtain final-state selectivity, which enabled the investigation of a sharp onset of the cross section associated with a Wigner s -wave threshold behavior. The electron affinity was determined to be 0.4715983(38)eV . Published by the American Physical Society 2024
This study reinterprets an earlier experimental photoelectron kinetic energy spectrum of the negative ion of lanthanum [A. M. Covington, D. Calabrese, J. S. Thompson, and T. J. Kvale, J. Phys. B 31, L855 (1998)] by carrying out relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) photodetachment calculations. The results confirm the earlier RCI calculation for the electron affinity of lanthanum (0.545 eV) [S. M. O'Malley and D. R. Beck, Phys. Rev. A 79, 012511 (2009)] and revise it to a slightly larger value of 0.550 eV, thus modifying the experimental interpretation of $0.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ eV. The calculation also yields the binding energies of the other thirteen bound states of ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Good agreement has been found when these energies are compared to the results of a recent experimental study on ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ [C. W. Walter, N. D. Gibson, D. J. Matyas, C. T. Crocker, K. A. Dungan, B. R. Matola, and J. Rohl\'en, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 063001 (2014)]. Finally, our analysis confirms the transition energy for the potential laser cooling transition of ${}^{3}{F}_{2}^{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{}^{3}{D}_{1}^{o}$ in ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Atomic lanthanum anion ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is the best candidate for laser cooling of any atomic anions found so far. The bound-bound electric dipole transitions of ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been identified and measured. Theoretical studies have shown that ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has a very complicated electronic structure, which cannot be well resolved by the traditional photoelectron spectroscopy. In the present work, we report high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy of ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ via the slow-electron velocity-map imaging method in combination with an ion trap. The electron affinity of La was determined to be $4496.97(20)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or 0.557 553(25) eV. In addition, the energy levels of ${\mathrm{La}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 3F3e^{3}F_{3}^{e}3F3e​, 3F4e^{3}F_{4}^{e}3F4e​, 1D2e^{1}D_{2}^{e}1D2e​, 1D2o^{1}D_{2}^{o}1D2o​, 3P0e^{3}P_{0}^{e}3P0e​, 3P1e^{3}P_{1}^{e}3P1e​, and 3P2e^{3}P_{2}^{e}3P2e​, were also determined.