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Physical Review Letters

Trapping of neutral atoms with resonant microwave radiation

C. C. Agosta, Isaac F. Silvera, Henk T. C. Stoof, BOUDEWIJN J. VERHAAR

Published May 15, 1989• 85 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We duscuss a resonant microwave trap for neutral atoms. Because of the long spontaneous radiation time this trap is remarkably different from the optical trap. It also has advantages over static magnetic traps that trap the excited spin state of the lowest electronic level, in that atoms predominantly in the spin ground state can be trapped. We analyze the relaxation-ejection lifetime of atoms in such a trap using the formalism of dressed atomic states. Results are appliedi to atomic hydrogen and the possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation is considered.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.62.2361

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We duscuss a resonant microwave trap for neutral atoms. Because of the long spontaneous radiation time this trap is remarkably different from the optical trap. It also has advantages over static magnetic traps that trap the excited spin state of the lowest electronic level, in that atoms predominantly in the spin ground state can be trapped. We analyze the relaxation-ejection lifetime of atoms in such a trap using the formalism of dressed atomic states. Results are appliedi to atomic hydrogen and the possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation is considered.
We demonstrate trapping of neutral Cs atoms by the magnetic dipole force due to a microwave field. The trap is formed in a spherical microwave cavity tuned near the ground state hyperfine transition (9.193 GHz). With a microwave power of 83 W, the trap is \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.1 mK deep. It is loaded with Cs atoms laser cooled to \ensuremath{\approxeq}4 \ensuremath{\mu}K. We observed oscillatory motion of atoms in the trap at frequencies of 1--3 Hz. This type of trap has certain advantages for achieving the conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation in hydrogen or the alkalis, because it can confine atoms predominantly in the lowest energy spin state.
Based on the dressed-atom approach, we discuss a two-dimensional (2D) radio-frequency trap for neutral atoms, in which the trap potential derives from the magnetic-dipole transitions among the hyperfine Zeeman sublevels. By adjusting the detuning of the radiation from resonance, the trapping states will be changed predominantly from the bare states of m F g F >0 to other states of m F g F <0, where m F and g F are the quantum numbers of Zeeman sublevels and the Landé factor, respectively. This character contrasts finely with that of a static magnetic trap that can only trap or guide the states of m F g F >0. In comparison to the optical field, the radio-frequency trap eliminates the spontaneous emission heating of the atoms. Unlike other oscillating traps reported in the literature, the configuration of the radio-frequency trap is suitable for realization of a miniature magnetic guide.
Abstract We consider the interaction of a magnetically trapped Bose–Einstein condensate of Rubidium atoms with the stationary microwave radiation field sustained by a coplanar waveguide resonator. This coupling allows for the measurement of the magnetic field of the resonator by means of counting the atoms that fall out of the condensate due to hyperfine transitions to non-trapped states. We determine the quantum efficiency of this detection scheme and show that weak microwave fields at the single-photon level can be sensed.
We demonstrate the realization of a quantum register using a string of single neutral atoms which are trapped in an optical dipole trap. The atoms are selectively and coherently manipulated in a magnetic field gradient using microwave radiation. Our addressing scheme operates with a high spatial resolution, and qubit rotations on individual atoms are performed with 99% contrast. In a final readout operation we analyze each individual atomic state. Finally, we have measured the coherence time and identified the predominant dephasing mechanism for our register.