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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Cryptanalysis of a multi-user quantum network system and quantum communication using χ-type entangled states

Gan Gao

Published Apr 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum secure direct communication and quantum key distribution(QSDC-QKD) protocol based on χ-type entangled states was recently proposed by Hong et al. [J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61 , 1 (2012)]. By analyzing the protocol, we find that it is not secure; that is, the eavesdropper can eavesdrop on half of Bob’s secret messages and half of Alice’s secret keys without introducing any error.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.62.1093

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A quantum secure direct communication and quantum key distribution(QSDC-QKD) protocol based on χ-type entangled states was recently proposed by Hong et al. [J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61 , 1 (2012)]. By analyzing the protocol, we find that it is not secure; that is, the eavesdropper can eavesdrop on half of Bob’s secret messages and half of Alice’s secret keys without introducing any error.
Two quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols in a multiuser quantum direct communication (QDC) network system were put forward by Hong et al. [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 29 (2012) 050303 ]. However, we find that either agent (Bob or Charlie) alone can obtain half the information about the sender's secret without collaboration with the other, which does not satisfy the security requirement of QSS. Moreover, the secret message sent by Alice in the second protocol can be eavesdropped on or its communication can be disturbed by the builder of quantum channels (Trent).
In the paper [ 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050306 ], Yang et al. put forward a novel three-party quantum secret sharing protocol of secure direct communication based on χ-type entangled states, they claimed that the scheme is secure. However, in this paper, we study the security of the protocol and find that it is insecure. Applying intercept and resend attack, the agent Bob can obtain Alice's secret without the help from the other agent Charlie. In the end, we give our effective modification for its improvement.
In a recent paper[J. Korean. Phys. Soc. 49 (2006) 459], two GHZ-state-based quantum secure direct communication protocols were presented. Here we point out that an eavesdropper can utilize a special property of GHZ states, i.e. “correlation-elicitable" to obtain half information of the transmitted secrets without being detected in both protocols. The particular attack strategy is demonstrated in detail. Furthermore, a possible improvement is proposed, which makes the protocols secure against this kind of attack.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.
A multi-user quantum direct communication network system for N users utilizing χ -type entangled states is proposed. The network system is composed of a communication center, N users, and N quantum lines linking the center and the N users. There is no quantum line among users; therefore, only N quantum lines are necessary for the communication between users. Using one χ -type entangled state, in this protocol, we are able to send two bits of information through direct communication and, at the same time, share two bits of quantum keys. The security of the protocol will be analyzed.