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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Visibility Measurement with an X-Ray Interferometer Using a Coincidence Technique

Makina Yabashi, Kenji Tamasaku, Tetsuya Ishikawa

Published Jun 1, 2001• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A coincidence measurement was combined with conventional interferometry in the X-ray region. It was theoretically and experimentally shown that the coincidence counting rate between two output ports of an X-ray interferometer is directly related to the visibilities of the interference beams. The method developed here will be a powerful tool in constructing more general X-ray interferometers.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.40.l646

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A coincidence measurement was combined with conventional interferometry in the X-ray region. It was theoretically and experimentally shown that the coincidence counting rate between two output ports of an X-ray interferometer is directly related to the visibilities of the interference beams. The method developed here will be a powerful tool in constructing more general X-ray interferometers.
A two-photon interference experiment is presented in which an entangled pair of photons generated from a parametric down-conversion was incident on two input ports of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The experiment was carried out using two photon coincidence detection with two detectors at the two output ports of the interferometer. The measured coincidence counts exhibit an interference effect with visibility of 0.75 at simultaneous inputs and 0.38 at inputs with different arrival times according to the degree of photon number entanglement.
Two-photon-counting interferometry has been realized by measuring the electrical current due to two-photon absorption in the space-charge layer of a semiconductor detector located at the output port of an interferometer. We apply this technique to study the correlation properties of twin beams issued from parametric fluorescence. We describe in detail how the different second-order correlation functions (interbeam, intrabeam) can be extracted at the femtosecond time scale from raw data. The values of these correlation functions determined by our experiments are in excellent agreement with theory. More precisely, extrabunching in twin beams is unambiguously demonstrated and theoretically described using two models: a comprehensive multimode quantum optics model and a simpler classical stochastic approach. Given the high brightness of our twin-beam source, both theories yield similar results. Finally, convenient analytical expressions of the correlation functions were derived from both theories, expressions in which we have been able to relate specific terms to accidental and exact coincidences between photons. Two-photon interferometry thus determines to which extent twin photons are twin. This technique should become a useful tool for future quantum optics developments.
Pairs of 826.8-nm correlated photons, generated by parametrically down-converting 413.4-nm krypton-ion laser light, are directed into a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer such that each photon of the pair enters a different input port. The rate of coincidence at the two output ports displays oscillations (as the path-length difference is swept) with a spatial period equal to the 413-nm wavelength of the pump photons, and with a visibility of 62% when the path-length difference exceeds the coherence length of the individual photon beams. This unequivocally demonstrates the nonclassical and entangled nature of the two-photon state.
A study has been made of the X-rays symmetrically diffracted by the (130) and (10) planes of NaCl. The object of the study was to determine whether or not X-rays are diffracted in both directions simultaneously. Two Geiger Muller counters were used to detect the X-rays. A coincidence circuit was connected to the two counters. Over 20 million quanta were counted by each counter, yet only 12 thousand apparent coincidences were observed. A detailed study of the data reveals that this small number of coincidences is best interpreted by assuming no coherence between the two diffracted X-ray beams and attributing the coincidence counts to the chance arrival of two quanta, one at each counter, separated in time by less than the resolving time of the coincidence circuit. This lack of coincidence is in accord with the quantum picture of radiation.