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Applied Physics Letters

Differential phase shift quantum key distribution using single-photon detectors based on a sinusoidally gated InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodiode

Naoto Namekata, Go Fujii, Shuichiro Inoue, Toshimori Honjo, Hiroki Takesue

Published Jul 2, 2007• 47 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors report a quantum key distribution experiment, in which they implemented a differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol, using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodiodes operated with a sinusoidal gating. The single-photon detectors were operated at a repetition frequency of 500MHz with low after pulsing probabilities and low dark counts. A sifted key generation rate of 1.5Mbit∕s was achieved over a communication distance of 15km. Taking account of the security of the protocol against general individual attacks, secure keys can be generated with a rate of 0.33Mbit∕s.

DOI
10.1063/1.2753767

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The authors report a quantum key distribution experiment, in which they implemented a differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol, using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodiodes operated with a sinusoidal gating. The single-photon detectors were operated at a repetition frequency of 500MHz with low after pulsing probabilities and low dark counts. A sifted key generation rate of 1.5Mbit∕s was achieved over a communication distance of 15km. Taking account of the security of the protocol against general individual attacks, secure keys can be generated with a rate of 0.33Mbit∕s.
Quantum-key distribution has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and now it is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fiber networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential- phase-shift QKD protocol. A DPSQKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high-clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number-splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single-photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an up-conversion detector, a superconducting single-photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our recordsetting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.
We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over 100 km using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We implemented the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol with electrically cooled and 2-GHz sinusoidally gated APDs. The single-photon detector has a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10(-8) (55 counts per second) with a detection efficiency of 6 %, which enabled us to achieve 24 kbit/s secure key rate over 100 km of optical fiber. The DPS-QKD system offers better performances in a practical way than those achieved using superconducting single-photon detectors. Moreover, the distance that secure keys against the general individual attacks can be distributed has been extended to 160 km.
Abstract In the current research work, an analysis of differential phase shift quantum key distribution using InGaAs/InP and Silicon-APD (avalanche photodiode) as single photon detectors is performed. Various performance parameters of interest such as shifted key rate, secure key rate, and secure communication distance obtained are investigated. In this optical fiber-based differential phase shift quantum key distribution, it is observed that Si-APD under frequency conversion method at telecommunication window outperforms the InGaAs/InP APD.
We present a quantum key distribution experiment in which keys that were secure against all individual eavesdropping attacks allowed by quantum mechanics were distributed over 100 km of optical fiber. We implemented the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and used low timing jitter 1.55 microm single-photon detectors based on frequency up-conversion in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and silicon avalanche photodiodes. Based on the security analysis of the protocol against general individual attacks, we generated secure keys at a practical rate of 166 bit/s over 100 km of fiber. The use of the low jitter detectors also increased the sifted key generation rate to 2 Mbit/s over 10 km of fiber.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and it now is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fibre networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol. A DPS-QKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an upconversion detector, a superconducting single photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our record setting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.