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arXiv:2307.03593 · Optical and Quantum Electronics

Analysis of single photon detectors in differential phase shift quantum key distribution

Vishal Sharma

Published Jul 23, 2023• 17 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract In the current research work, an analysis of differential phase shift quantum key distribution using InGaAs/InP and Silicon-APD (avalanche photodiode) as single photon detectors is performed. Various performance parameters of interest such as shifted key rate, secure key rate, and secure communication distance obtained are investigated. In this optical fiber-based differential phase shift quantum key distribution, it is observed that Si-APD under frequency conversion method at telecommunication window outperforms the InGaAs/InP APD.

DOI
10.1007/s11082-023-05170-4

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Abstract In the current research work, an analysis of differential phase shift quantum key distribution using InGaAs/InP and Silicon-APD (avalanche photodiode) as single photon detectors is performed. Various performance parameters of interest such as shifted key rate, secure key rate, and secure communication distance obtained are investigated. In this optical fiber-based differential phase shift quantum key distribution, it is observed that Si-APD under frequency conversion method at telecommunication window outperforms the InGaAs/InP APD.
We investigated the performance of differential phase shift quantum key distribution using InGaAs/InP and Silicon-APD (avalanche photo diode) for generating secure keys, secure communication distance, and bit error rates under the various operating conditions.We compare the quantum bit error rate and the secure key generation rate as a function of communication length.Our simulation results show that with frequency conversion at telecommunication wavelength the silicon-APD contributes in enhanced communication rates and higher communication distances than InGaAs/InP APD for optical fiber-based quantum key distribution applications.
The authors report a quantum key distribution experiment, in which they implemented a differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol, using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodiodes operated with a sinusoidal gating. The single-photon detectors were operated at a repetition frequency of 500MHz with low after pulsing probabilities and low dark counts. A sifted key generation rate of 1.5Mbit∕s was achieved over a communication distance of 15km. Taking account of the security of the protocol against general individual attacks, secure keys can be generated with a rate of 0.33Mbit∕s.
The properties of 1.55 mum up-conversion single-photon detector are analyzed using the differential-phase-shift keying (DPSK) protocol. We compare the error rate and the communication rate as a function of distance for three quantum key distribution QKD protocols: the Bennett-Brassard 1984, the Bennett-Brassard-Mermin 1992, and the DPSK. We show that the significant advantage of the up-conversion detector than the commonly used InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD), and the properties of QKD can be greatly improved by using this detector.
We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over 100 km using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We implemented the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol with electrically cooled and 2-GHz sinusoidally gated APDs. The single-photon detector has a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10(-8) (55 counts per second) with a detection efficiency of 6 %, which enabled us to achieve 24 kbit/s secure key rate over 100 km of optical fiber. The DPS-QKD system offers better performances in a practical way than those achieved using superconducting single-photon detectors. Moreover, the distance that secure keys against the general individual attacks can be distributed has been extended to 160 km.
Quantum-key distribution has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and now it is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fiber networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential- phase-shift QKD protocol. A DPSQKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high-clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number-splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single-photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an up-conversion detector, a superconducting single-photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our recordsetting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.
We investigate the feasibility of single and entangled photon-based quantum key distribution protocols at telecommunication wavelengths with two types of single photon detectors, namely InGaAs/InP and Silicon-APD, under various realistic conditions. The purpose of the current optical fiber-based simulation is to analyze the various performance parameters. In addition to these, we analyze the effect of possible attacks on the one and two weak decoy state protocols under investigation with the two deployed avalanche photodiodes. The simulation results obtained show that the one and two weak decoy states used in the entangled-based protocol at telecommunication wavelengths with considered attacks and under various industrial parameters outperforms the single photon-based quantum key distribution protocol. In addition, it is also observed that Silicon-APD (the avalanche photodiode) performs better than InGaAs/InP-APD when considering all the conditions.