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IEEE Communications Magazine

Differential phase shift-quantum key distribution

Hiroki Takesue, Toshimori Honjo, Kiyoshi Tamaki, 康弘 都倉

Published May 1, 2009• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum-key distribution has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and now it is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fiber networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential- phase-shift QKD protocol. A DPSQKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high-clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number-splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single-photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an up-conversion detector, a superconducting single-photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our recordsetting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.

DOI
10.1109/mcom.2009.4939284

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been studied as an ultimate method for secure communications, and it now is emerging as a technology that can be deployed in real fibre networks. Here, we present our QKD experiments based on the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol. A DPS-QKD system has a simple configuration that is easy to implement with conventional optical communication components, and it is suitable for a high clock rate system. Moreover, although the DPS-QKD system is implemented with an attenuated laser source, it is inherently secure against strong eavesdropping attacks called photon number splitting attacks, which pose a serious threat to conventional QKD systems with attenuated laser sources. We also describe three types of single photon detectors that are suitable for high-speed, long-distance QKD: an upconversion detector, a superconducting single photon detector, and a sinusoidally gated InGaAs avalanche photodiode. We present our record setting QKD experiments that employed those detectors.
The authors report a quantum key distribution experiment, in which they implemented a differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol, using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodiodes operated with a sinusoidal gating. The single-photon detectors were operated at a repetition frequency of 500MHz with low after pulsing probabilities and low dark counts. A sifted key generation rate of 1.5Mbit∕s was achieved over a communication distance of 15km. Taking account of the security of the protocol against general individual attacks, secure keys can be generated with a rate of 0.33Mbit∕s.
A novel type of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, called DPS (differential-phase-shift) QKD, was proposed several years ago. A sender transmits a highly-attenuated coherent pulse train with {0, π} phase, and a receiver receives it with a one-bit delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer followed by photon detectors. A secret key is created from photon detection events, whose security is based on the fact that an eavesdropper cannot perfectly measure the phase information of a highly-attenuated coherent pulse train. This protocol has some features of simple setup, potential for a high key creation rate, and robustness against photon-number-splitting attack. This paper overviews DPS-QKD. The operation mechanism is described, and then some experimental efforts are introduced, featuring use of a glass waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer and advanced single-photon detectors. The highest key rate and the longest distance have been achieved with the DPS-QKD protocol. Some modified schemes are also presented, including that utilizing quantum entanglement, that using decoy pulses, and that using macroscopic coherent light.
We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over 100 km using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We implemented the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol with electrically cooled and 2-GHz sinusoidally gated APDs. The single-photon detector has a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10(-8) (55 counts per second) with a detection efficiency of 6 %, which enabled us to achieve 24 kbit/s secure key rate over 100 km of optical fiber. The DPS-QKD system offers better performances in a practical way than those achieved using superconducting single-photon detectors. Moreover, the distance that secure keys against the general individual attacks can be distributed has been extended to 160 km.
We present a quantum key distribution experiment in which keys that were secure against all individual eavesdropping attacks allowed by quantum mechanics were distributed over 100 km of optical fiber. We implemented the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and used low timing jitter 1.55 microm single-photon detectors based on frequency up-conversion in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and silicon avalanche photodiodes. Based on the security analysis of the protocol against general individual attacks, we generated secure keys at a practical rate of 166 bit/s over 100 km of fiber. The use of the low jitter detectors also increased the sifted key generation rate to 2 Mbit/s over 10 km of fiber.
Quantum cryptography can provide unconditional secure communication between two authorized parties based on the basic principles of quantum mechanics. However, imperfect practical conditions limit its transmission distance and communication speed. Here, we implemented the differential phase shift (DPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) with an up-conversion-assisted hybrid photon detector (HPD) and achieved a 1.3 Mbits per second secure key rate over a 10 km fiber, which is tolerant against photon number splitting (PNS) attack, general collective attacks on individual photons and any other known sequential unambiguous state discrimination (USD) attacks.