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Physical Review A

Laser cooling of metastable He atoms in an inhomogeneous electric field

R. Schumann, Christian Schubert, U. Eichmann, R. Jung, Gebhard von Oppen

Published Mar 1, 1999• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have investigated laser cooling of metastable helium atoms by laser light at 389 nm using inhomogeneous electric fields for compensating the varying Doppler shift. As a result of the high polarizability of the upper cooling level, we were able to compensate for the large Doppler shift associated with the UV transition frequency and the high beam velocity with moderate field strengths. The method represents an alternate way to the standard Zeeman slowing technique. It is expected to be superior in applications, where high magnetic fields cannot be tolerated.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.59.2120

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Cambridge University Press eBooks•Nov 29, 2001•0 citations
We have investigated laser cooling of metastable helium atoms by laser light at 389 nm using inhomogeneous electric fields for compensating the varying Doppler shift. As a result of the high polarizability of the upper cooling level, we were able to compensate for the large Doppler shift associated with the UV transition frequency and the high beam velocity with moderate field strengths. The method represents an alternate way to the standard Zeeman slowing technique. It is expected to be superior in applications, where high magnetic fields cannot be tolerated.
The laser cooling of a helium atomic beam in the 2s3S1 metastable state has been demonstrated. Using a single-mode LNA (La1-x Nd x MgAl11O19) laser resonant with the 2s3S1-2p3P2 transition, the metastable atoms are cooled by the Doppler cooling method combined with the Zeeman-tuning technique. To monitor the velocity distribution, the Doppler profile of the 2p3P2-3d3D3 transition is observed. As a result, the most probable velocity of the metastable helium atoms, which is initially 750 m/s, is decelerated to 90 m/s.
The high velocity of free atoms associated with the thermal motion, together with the velocity distribution of atoms has imposed the ultimate limitation on the precision of ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy. A sample consisting of low velocity atoms would provide a substantial improvement in spectroscopy resolution. To overcome the problem of thermal motion, atomic physicists have pursued two goals; first, the reduction of the thermal motion (cooling); and second, the confinement of the atoms by means of electromagnetic fields (trapping). Cooling carried sufficiently far, eliminates the motional problems, whereas trapping allows for long observation times. In this work the laser cooling and trapping of an argon atomic beam will be discussed. The experiments involve a time-of-flight spectroscopy on metastable argon atoms. Laser deceleration or cooling of atoms is achieved by counter propagating a photon against an atomic beam of metastable atoms. The solution to the Doppler shift problem is achieved using spatially varying magnetic field along the beam path to Zeeman shift the atomic resonance frequency so as to keep the atoms in resonance with a fixed frequency cooling laser. For trapping experiments a Magnetooptical trap (MOT) will be used. The MOT is formed by three pairs of counter-propagating laser beams with mutual opposite circular polarization and a frequency tuned slightly below the center of the atomic resonance and superimposed on a magnetic quadrupole field.
We have observed magnetically induced laser cooling (MILC) on the J = 1 {yields} 2 component of the 2{sup 3}S {yields} 2{sup 3}P transition at {lambda} = 1.083 {mu}m in metastable helium (He*). At low magnetic field the measured widths of our atomic velocity distributions are as narrow as 2{Dirac_h}k/M corresponding to a temperature {approx_equal} 3 {mu}K (1-D Doppler limit {approx_equal} 26 {mu}K). At higher fields ({approximately}150 mG) the velocity distribution splits into two peaks of sub-Doppler width whose separation is proportional to the Zeeman splitting. Our measurements are consistent with model calculations based on the time evolution of quantum density matrices. Our experiments explore the transition regime between the quantum mechanical and semiclassical models of momentum exchange in atom-light interactions because of the large ratio (0.4) of the recoil velocity {Dirac_h}k/M to the rms of the Doppler-limited velocity distribution {radical}{Dirac_h}{gamma}/3M for this transition. We use a supersonic LN{sub 2} cooled nozzle source excited by a dc discharge for He*, and we excite the 2{sup 3}P state with a home-built diode-laser-pumped LNA laser.
A production of low velocity and monoenergetic atomic beams would increase the resolution in spectroscopic studies and many other experiments in atomic physics. Laser Cooling uses the radiation pressure to decelerate and cool atoms. The effusing from a glow discharge metastable argon atomic beam is affected by a counterpropagating laser light tuned to the cycling transition in argon. The Zeeman shift caused by a spatially varying magnetic field compensates for the changing Doppler shift that takes the atoms out of resonance as they decelerated. Deceleration and velocity bunching of atoms to a final velocity that depends on the detuning of the laser relative to a frequency of the transition have been observed. Time-of-Flight (TOF) spectroscopy is used to examine the velocity distribution of the cooled atomic beam. These TOF studies of the laser cooled atomic beam demonstrate the utility of laser deceleration for atomic-beam "velocity selection".
The advent of the laser opened the way to the development of powerful new methods for manipulating and cooling atoms which were exploited in the realization of Bose–Einstein condensation in alkali atom vapours. To set the stage we describe a typical experiment, which is shown schematically in Fig. 4.1. A beam of sodium atoms emerges from an oven at a temperature of about 600 K, corresponding to a speed of about 800 m s –1 , and is then passed through a so-called Zeeman slower, in which the velocity of the atoms is reduced to about 30 m s –1 , corresponding to a temperature of about 1 K. In the Zeeman slower, a laser beam propagates in the direction opposite that of the atomic beam, and the radiation force produced by absorption of photons retards the atoms. Due to the Doppler effect, the frequency of the atomic transition in the laboratory frame is not generally constant, since the atomic velocity varies. However, by applying an inhomogeneous magnetic field designed so that the Doppler and Zeeman effects cancel, the frequency of the transition in the rest frame of the atom may be held fixed. On emerging from the Zeeman slower the atoms are slow enough to be captured by a magneto-optical trap (MOT), where they are further cooled by interactions with laser light to temperatures of order 100 μK. Another way of compensating for the changing Doppler shift is to increase the laser frequency in time, which is referred to as ‘chirping’. In other experiments the MOT is filled by transferring atoms from a second MOT where atoms are captured directly from the vapour.