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Physica Scripta

Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates

Wolfgang Ketterle

Published Jan 1, 2002• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper summarizes recent work at MIT which was presented at the Nobel Jubilee Symposium. These examples demonstrate the broad range of topics which are covered by research on quantum-degenerate gases: superfluidity, phonons, boson and fermion mixtures, atom optics. For further reading and references to other work, we refer to the original publications.

DOI
10.1238/physica.topical.102a00036

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This paper summarizes recent work at MIT which was presented at the Nobel Jubilee Symposium. These examples demonstrate the broad range of topics which are covered by research on quantum-degenerate gases: superfluidity, phonons, boson and fermion mixtures, atom optics. For further reading and references to other work, we refer to the original publications.
Abstract This volume introduces the basic concepts of Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity. It makes special reference to the physics of ultracold atomic gases; an area in which enormous experimental and theoretical progress has been achieved in the last twenty years. Various theoretical approaches to describing the physics of interacting bosons and of interacting Fermi gases, giving rise to bosonic pairs and hence to condensation, are discussed in detail, both in uniform and harmonically trapped configurations. Special focus is given to the comparison between theory and experiment, concerning various equilibrium, dynamic, thermodynamic, and superfluid properties of these novel systems. The volume also includes discussions of ultracold gases in dimensions, quantum mixtures, and long-range dipolar interactions.
Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.
Bose-Einstein condensation is an exciting physical phenomenon. It was predicted in 1924 and experimentally produced in 1995 using powerful laser cooling techniques. Bose condensed gases become one of most emerging field of modern physics, embracing many area namely atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum optics, and condensed matter physics. The advent of these quantum degenerate gases opens intriguing prospects for precision measurements, quantum information, and novel phases of matter. The book presents a new thorough theory treating Bose condensed gases at finite temperatures with extremely distinct background. The approach proved useful, efficient and successful as a theoretical mean to study all aspects of ultracold gases at finite temperatures. Equilibrium and dynamic properties, superfluidity and vortices, anomalous correlations, quantum mixtures and long range interactions are among the topics covered in this book. The book is written in a pedagogical style and features sufficient elementary background material. It can be therefore, accessible to all scientists from graduate students to senior researchers in cold atoms physics.
"Motivated by experiments on cold alkali atoms, I present a theoretical study of weakly interacting quantum degenerate particles. These experiments observe a wide range of phenomena and consequently this thesis has a broad scope, involving issues of coherence, stability, superfluidity, and kinetics. I explore six topics which exemplify the rich and exciting physics of cold alkali atoms: first, the effect of interactions on the transition temperature of a dilute Bose gas; second, the connection between broken non-gauge symmetries and the appearance of multiple condensates in a Bose gas; third, the role of thermally activated ""phase slip"" events in destroying superfluidity near the critical temperature of a Bose gas; fourth, mechanical instabilities in clouds of attractive bosons; fifth, the kinetics of a gas of partially condensed atoms; and sixth, the nonlinear optical properties of an atomic gases."
Besides the enormous opportunities offered by spectroscopy and atom interferometry, laser cooling has opened up the possibility of experimentally realizing and manipulating quantum degenerate gases: Bose–Einstein condensates and degenerate Fermionic systems. This chapter starts with an illustration of key experimental techniques, such as magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling, and Feshbach resonances. It then turns to the physics of atomic Bose–Einstein condensates, discussing their superfluid behaviour, their coherence properties, and their application to precise measurements. It also describes the experimental investigation of ultracold Fermi gases and fermionic superfluidity, as well as ongoing research into ultracold polar molecules.