Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.
Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.
Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.
As we all know, single microscopic particles such as electrons or atoms do not behave according to the familiar classical (Newtonian) physics which describes the everyday world, but rather according to the prescriptions of quantum mechanics, the outcome is often bizarre and counterintuitive. When a macroscopic number of such particles (say ∼ 10) is assembled under conditions where the effects of quantum mechanics are important, the results can be even more spectacular; they include macroscopic phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity, which are completely impossible to explain in classical terms. Most, though not all of these exotic phenomena, are a result of a phenomenon which I shall refer to generically as “quantum condensation,” in which a macroscopic number of particles or pairs of particles—a nonzero fraction of all particles present—occupy a single quantum state; this phenomenon is traditionally referred to as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) when it occurs in a system of bosons such as liquid He, and as Cooper pairing when it occurs, for pairs of particles, in a system of fermions such as the electrons in a superconducting metal. As a result of quantum condensation, the characteristically quantum-mechanical behavior which we are used to seeing at the level of single electrons is as it were amplified by the cooperation of condensed particles and can manifest itself at the macroscopic level. The present essay is intended as a general introduction to the subject of quantum condensation and its consequences, as manifested in a variety of physical systems. I will try to review the fundamental physical ideas, usually without de-
Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluidity, and superconductivity are quantum mechanics made visible. They mark the boundary between the classical and the quantum worlds, and they show the macroscopic role of quantum mechanics in condensed matter. This book presents these phenomena in terms of particles, their positions, and their momenta, giving a concrete visualisation and description that is not possible with traditional wave functions. A single approach that bridges the classical-quantum divide provides new insight into the role of particle interactions in condensation, the nature of collisions in superfluid flow, and the physical form of Cooper pairs in high-temperature superconductors. High-temperature superconductivity is explored with quantum statistical mechanics, which links it to Bose-Einstein condensation. Identifying a new mechanism for Cooper pairing, this explains the differences between the low- and high-temperature superconducting regimes and the role of the molecular structure of the conductor. The new perspective offered by this book on Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluidity, and high-temperature superconductivity gives particle-based explanations as well as mathematical and computational methods for these macroscopic quantum phenomena so that readers understand the role of particle interactions and structure in the physics of these phenomena. This book will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students, lecturers, academics, and scientific researchers in the fields of Bose-Einstein condensation and condensates, superfluidity, and superconductivity. It will also be of interest to those working with thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, statistical physics, quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics, materials science, condensed matter physics, and theoretical chemistry. Key Features: · Explores Bose-Einstein condensation with new evidence for multiple condensed states and novel Monte Carlo simulations for interacting bosons · Establishes the thermodynamic nature of condensed bosons from an analysis of fountain pressure measurements, including that they carry energy and entropy, and the thermodynamic principle of superfluid flow · Derives equations of motion for condensed bosons, and performs molecular dynamics simulations of the viscosity with molecular trajectories that give rise to superfluidity · Identifies the mechanism for electron pairing in high-temperature superconductivity
Modern studies of basic quantum concepts and phenomena, E.B. Karlsson and E. Brandas quantum entanglement - criteria and collective tests, A. Peres a gallery of quantum states -tomography of nonclassical light, J. Mlynek et al experimental and theoretical progress in interaction-free measurements, P.G. Kwia entanglement, mesoscopic superpositions and decoherence studies with atoms and photons in a cavity, S. Haroche quantum coherence with a single Cooper pair, V. Bouchiat et al mesoscopic physics and the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, Y. Imry decoherence, chaos, quantum-classical correspondence and the algorithmic arrow of time, W.H. Zurek quantum entanglement - a fundamental concept finding its applications, A. Zeilinger quantum communication in a quantum network, J.I. Cirac et al. (Part contents).
Preface. Opening address (H. Fukuyama). Welcome address (K. Miyauchi). Quantum Computing, Quantum Teleportation, and Entanglement. Decoherence and recoherence in quantum computation (D.P. DiVincenzo, A. Ekert). Engineering entanglement between atoms and photons in a cavity: non-locality, Schrodinger cats and decoherence (S. Haroche). Three-and four-photon correlations and entanglement: quantum teleportation and beyond (A. Zeilinger). Quantum manipulations of small Josephson junctions and the measurement process performed with a single-electron transistor (A. Shnirman, Y. Makhlin, G. Schon). Extraction of NMR quantum computation signal with parity gate (M. Kitagawa). Quantum logical diagram of quantum computing evolution (H. Matsuda, D.W. Cohen). A generalized EPR problem and quantum teleportation (A. Motoyoshi et al.). Purification of multi-particle entanglement (M. Murao et al.). Quantum Information and Cryptography. Quantum cryptography and magic protocols (N. Imoto, M. Koashi, K. Shimizu). Quantum entanglement for secret sharing and telesplitting (A. Karlsson et al.). Communication channels secured from hidden eavesdropping via transmission of entangled photon pairs (K. Shimizu, N. Imoto). Quantum communication of bits by the polarization of photons (M. Matsuoka, T. Yamamoto, A. Motoyoshi). Optimal broadcasting of quantum information via teleportation (M. Murao et al.). Semiconductor-based quantum information: noiseless encoding in quantum-dot arrays (P. Zanardi, F. Rossi). Quantum Optics. Quantum information enabled by quantum optics (H.J. Kimble). Manipulation of quantum statistics in mesoscopic experiments (Y. Yamamoto). Extension of nonlocal response theory to Raman process (H. Ajiki, K. Cho). Quantum Maxwell-Bloch equations for spontaneous emission in semiconductor lasers (O. Hess, H.F. Hofmann). Quantum control of atomic systems by time-resolved homodyne detection of spontaneous emission (H. F. Hofmann et al.). Laser Cooling, Ion Trapping, and Atom Interferometry. Quantum computation, spectroscopy of trapped ions, and Schrodinger's cat (D.J. Wineland et al.). Atom interferometry (F. Shimizu). Multiple atomic beam interference in the Ramsey-Borde interferometer with multiple traveling laser beams (A. Morinaga, T. Aoki). Sympathetically laser-cooled mass spectroscopy using Ba+ ions (I. Waki, T. Baba, D. Wang). Bose-Einstein Condensation. Measurements of relative phase and quantum beat note between Bose-Einstein condensates (D.S. Hall et al.). Probing quantum statistical mechanics with Bose gases: nontrivial order parameter topology from a Bose-Einstein quench (J.R. Anglin, W.H. Zurek). Nonequilibrium time evolution of the condensed state of a fixed number of interacting bosons (A. Shimizu, J. Inoue, T. Miyadera). Macroscopic quantum tunneling of a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interaction: fate of a false vacuum (M. Ueda). Collective excitations of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate: a variational sum-rule approach (T. Kimura, H