Physical Review Letters

Hyperfine-Structure Studies of Highly Excited D and F Levels in Alkali Atoms Using a cw Tunable Dye Laser

Sune R. Svanberg, Pericles G. Tsekeris, W. Happer

Published Apr 30, 1973• 89 citations

Abstract

Highly excited $S$, $D$, and $F$ levels in cesium and rubidium have been populated utilizing a two-step optical excitation method. In the first step an rf lamp is used to transfer atoms into the first $P$ states, and the subsequent excitation is performed with the tunable radiation of a cw dye laser. We give results for the hyperfine structure of several $D$ and $F$ states in ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ and ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, obtained in level-crossing and optical double resonance experiments.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.30.817

Related papers

Hyperfine-structure investigation of highly excited D2 levels in Rb87 and Cs133 using a cw tunable dye laser in a two-step excitation scheme

Sune R. Svanberg, Pericles G. Tsekeris

Physical Review AApr 1, 197546 citations

Determination of hyperfine structure and gjfactors in the sequences of2D states in alkali atoms using a tunable dye laser

Sune R. Svanberg, G Belin

We have extended recently reported hyperfine structure studies of 2D states in alkali atoms to several new states. The 2D states were populated in a two-step excitation scheme, involving a conventional RF lamp and a cw tunable dye laser. Using level crossing and optical double resonance techniques we have determined the hyperfine structure of the 8 2D3/2,5/a states in 8TRb and the 11, 12, 13, 14 aD3/a,5/a states in 133Cs. Further, g, factors for several of these states were determined.

Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular PhysicsFeb 21, 197416 citations

Measurement of hyperfine structure of the 8S122 and 9S122 states of rubidium, and 12S122 state of cesium by stepwise dye-laser spectroscopy

Pericles G. Tsekeris, R. Gupta

Physical Review AFeb 1, 197520 citations

Hyperfine Interaction, Zeeman and Stark Effects for Excited States in Rubidium

G Belin, Lennarth Holmgren, Sune R. Svanberg

Physica ScriptaJun 1, 197635 citations

Manipulation of level-crossing signals using narrow-band or pulsed laser excitation

Jörgen Larsson, L. Sturesson, Sune R. Svanberg

Physica ScriptaAug 1, 19895 citations

Stark Effect Investigation of D States in85Rb and133Cs Using Level Crossing Spectroscopy with a CW Dye Laser

W. Hogervorst, Sune R. Svanberg

Physica ScriptaJul 1, 197549 citations

Physical Review Letters

Hyperfine-Structure Studies of Highly Excited D and F Levels in Alkali Atoms Using a cw Tunable Dye Laser

Sune R. Svanberg, Pericles G. Tsekeris, W. Happer

Published Apr 30, 1973• 89 citations

Publisher

Abstract

Highly excited

S

D

, and

F

levels in cesium and rubidium have been populated utilizing a two-step optical excitation method. In the first step an rf lamp is used to transfer atoms into the first

P

states, and the subsequent excitation is performed with the tunable radiation of a cw dye laser. We give results for the hyperfine structure of several

D

and

F

states in

{\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}

and

{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}

, obtained in level-crossing and optical double resonance experiments.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.30.817

Related papers

Hyperfine-structure investigation of highly excited D2 levels in Rb87 and Cs133 using a cw tunable dye laser in a two-step excitation scheme

Sune R. Svanberg, Pericles G. Tsekeris

The hyperfine structure of several highly excited $^{2}D$ states in $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ has been measured. The $D$ -state atoms were produced in a two-step-excitation process. In the first step, multiple scattering of the strong alkali-metal ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ lines from an rf lamp was used to excite atoms into the first excited $^{2}P$ levels. The intense tunable radiation from a cw dye laser was used in the second step to transfer $P$ -state atoms into highly excited $D$ states. Level-crossing and optical-double-resonance techniques were used for the determination of the absolute values of the hyperfine-interaction constants. The following results (in MHz) were obtained for the magnetic dipole and the electric quadrupole interaction constants $a$ and $b$ : For $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ , $|a(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=7.84(5)$ , $|b(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.53(6)$ ( $\frac{b}{a}>0$ ), $|a(^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=3.6(7)$ , $|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=4.53(3)$ , $|b(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.26(4)$ ( $\frac{b}{a}>0$ ), $|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=2.2(5)$ . For $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ , $|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=3.98(8)$ , $|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.9(4)$ , $|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=2.37(3)$ , $|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.5(2)$ , $|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=1.52(3)$ , $|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.4(2)$ . The $a$ factors generally deviate strongly from the values expected in a one-electron picture of the alkali-metal atom indicating the importance of polarization and correlation effects for these states. For $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ a comparison with a recent calculation including polarization effects is made. The $b$ factors for $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ are the first significant values allowing a calculation of an alkali-metal-atom nuclear quadrupole moment from non- $P$ -state data.The hyperfine structure of several highly excited $^{2}D$ states in $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ has been measured. The $D$-state atoms were produced in a two-step-excitation process. In the first step, multiple scattering of the strong alkali-metal ${D}_{1}$ and ${D}_{2}$ lines from an rf lamp was used to excite atoms into the first excited $^{2}P$ levels. The intense tunable radiation from a cw dye laser was used in the second step to transfer $P$-state atoms into highly excited $D$ states. Level-crossing and optical-double-resonance techniques were used for the determination of the absolute values of the hyperfine-interaction constants. The following results (in MHz) were obtained for the magnetic dipole and the electric quadrupole interaction constants $a$ and $b$: For $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, $|a(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=7.84(5)$, $|b(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.53(6)$ ($\frac{b}{a}>0$), $|a(^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=3.6(7)$, $|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=4.53(3)$, $|b(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.26(4)$ ($\frac{b}{a}>0$), $|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=2.2(5)$. For $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$, $|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=3.98(8)$, $|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.9(4)$, $|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=2.37(3)$, $|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.5(2)$, $|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=1.52(3)$, $|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.4(2)$. The $a$ factors generally deviate strongly from the values expected in a one-electron picture of the alkali-metal atom indicating the importance of polarization and correlation effects for these states. For $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ a comparison with a recent calculation including polarization effects is made. The $b$ factors for $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ are the first significant values allowing a calculation of an alkali-metal-atom nuclear quadrupole moment from non-$P$-state data.

Physical Review AApr 1, 197546 citations

Determination of hyperfine structure and gjfactors in the sequences of2D states in alkali atoms using a tunable dye laser

Sune R. Svanberg, G Belin

Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular PhysicsFeb 21, 197416 citations

Measurement of hyperfine structure of the 8S122 and 9S122 states of rubidium, and 12S122 state of cesium by stepwise dye-laser spectroscopy

Pericles G. Tsekeris, R. Gupta

The hyperfine structures of the $8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and of the $12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ have been measured by the method of stepwise excitation spectroscopy using a cw dye laser. We measure the magnetic dipole coupling constants to be $A(8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=159.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ MHz, $A(9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=90.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ MHz, and $A(12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{133}\mathrm{Cs})=26.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ MHz.The hyperfine structures of the $8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and of the $12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ have been measured by the method of stepwise excitation spectroscopy using a cw dye laser. We measure the magnetic dipole coupling constants to be $A(8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=159.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ MHz, $A(9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=90.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ MHz, and $A(12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{133}\mathrm{Cs})=26.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ MHz.

Physical Review AFeb 1, 197520 citations

Hyperfine Interaction, Zeeman and Stark Effects for Excited States in Rubidium

G Belin, Lennarth Holmgren, Sune R. Svanberg

Highly excitedPandDstates in87Rb were examined using a two-step excitation procedure. A conventional rf lamp and a CW dye laser were used for the first and second step, respectively. The following results for the magnetic dipole interaction constanta, the electric quadrupole interaction constantb, the LandégJfactor, and the tensor polarizability α2were obtained in level-crossing and optical-double-resonance experiments: 92P3/2:a= 4.05(3) MHz,b=0.55(3) MHz,gJ= 1.3335(15) 102P3/2:a= 2.60(8) MHz,gJ= 1.3332(20) 82D3/2:a= 2.840(15) MHz,b= 0.17(2) MHz 82D5/2:a= -1.20(15) MHz,gJ= 1.1998(15) 92D3/2:a= 1.900(10) MHz,b= 0.11(3) MHz 92D5/2:a= (-)0.80(15) MHz,gJ= 1.1995(15), α2= 180.3(9.0) MHz/(kV/cm)2 Many-body calculations of the hyperfine structure of Rb have been performed. The polarization effect is included to all orders, whereas the correlation effect is omitted. The negativeafactors for the2D5/2states, indicating large perturbations, are explained by the polarization contribution. A review of experimental hyperfine interaction constants, LandégJfactors and tensor polarizabilities for rubidium is given together with theoretical values of theafactors. The quadrupole moment for87Rb is obtained from thebfactors for the2P3/2and2D3/2states, using quadrupole parameters from the many-body calculations. The correlation effect is included in a semi-empirical way.Highly excitedPandDstates in87Rb were examined using a two-step excitation procedure. A conventional rf lamp and a CW dye laser were used for the first and second step, respectively. The following results for the magnetic dipole interaction constanta, the electric quadrupole interaction constantb, the LandégJfactor, and the tensor polarizability α2were obtained in level-crossing and optical-double-resonance experiments: 92P3/2:a= 4.05(3) MHz,b=0.55(3) MHz,gJ= 1.3335(15) 102P3/2:a= 2.60(8) MHz,gJ= 1.3332(20) 82D3/2:a= 2.840(15) MHz,b= 0.17(2) MHz 82D5/2:a= -1.20(15) MHz,gJ= 1.1998(15) 92D3/2:a= 1.900(10) MHz,b= 0.11(3) MHz 92D5/2:a= (-)0.80(15) MHz,gJ= 1.1995(15), α2= 180.3(9.0) MHz/(kV/cm)2 Many-body calculations of the hyperfine structure of Rb have been performed. The polarization effect is included to all orders, whereas the correlation effect is omitted. The negativeafactors for the2D5/2states, indicating large perturbations, are explained by the polarization contribution. A review of experimental hyperfine interaction constants, LandégJfactors and tensor polarizabilities for rubidium is given together with theoretical values of theafactors. The quadrupole moment for87Rb is obtained from thebfactors for the2P3/2and2D3/2states, using quadrupole parameters from the many-body calculations. The correlation effect is included in a semi-empirical way.

Physica ScriptaJun 1, 197635 citations

Manipulation of level-crossing signals using narrow-band or pulsed laser excitation

Jörgen Larsson, L. Sturesson, Sune R. Svanberg

Level-crossing experiments yielding Doppler-free signals are normally performed using a CW light source with a broad spectral distribution ("white" excitation), and the signals obtained are described by a well-known formula due to Breit. By using a single-mode dye laser or a pulsed laser for the excitation, strong modifications of level-crossing signals can be obtained. Profound changes in hyperfine structure crossing signals are demonstrated in experiments, performed in a cell, on the 9 2 D 3/2 state of 133 Cs. Practical utilisation of unconventional excitation in level-crossing and optical double resonance spectroscopy is discussed.Level-crossing experiments yielding Doppler-free signals are normally performed using a CW light source with a broad spectral distribution ("white" excitation), and the signals obtained are described by a well-known formula due to Breit. By using a single-mode dye laser or a pulsed laser for the excitation, strong modifications of level-crossing signals can be obtained. Profound changes in hyperfine structure crossing signals are demonstrated in experiments, performed in a cell, on the 9 2 D 3/2 state of 133 Cs. Practical utilisation of unconventional excitation in level-crossing and optical double resonance spectroscopy is discussed.

Physica ScriptaAug 1, 19895 citations

Stark Effect Investigation of D States in85Rb and133Cs Using Level Crossing Spectroscopy with a CW Dye Laser

W. Hogervorst, Sune R. Svanberg

Stark effect investigations in the 6, 7 and 82D3/2,5/2levels of85Rb and the 8, 9 and 102D3/2,5/2levels of133Cs were performed with the level crossing technique. The levels were populated in a two-step excitation process, involving a CW tunable dye laser. The tensor polarizability of all states was measured and a good agreement with theoretical values, obtained with the Coulomb approximation, is found. Furthermore, the signs of the dipole interaction constants, determined to absolute value in earlier experiments, could be inferred. The sign was found to be positive for the2D3/2states and negative for the2D5/2states, indicating strong polarization effects in the magnetic hyperfine interaction.Stark effect investigations in the 6, 7 and 82D3/2,5/2levels of85Rb and the 8, 9 and 102D3/2,5/2levels of133Cs were performed with the level crossing technique. The levels were populated in a two-step excitation process, involving a CW tunable dye laser. The tensor polarizability of all states was measured and a good agreement with theoretical values, obtained with the Coulomb approximation, is found. Furthermore, the signs of the dipole interaction constants, determined to absolute value in earlier experiments, could be inferred. The sign was found to be positive for the2D3/2states and negative for the2D5/2states, indicating strong polarization effects in the magnetic hyperfine interaction.

Physica ScriptaJul 1, 197549 citations

Highly excited

S

D

, and

F

levels in cesium and rubidium have been populated utilizing a two-step optical excitation method. In the first step an rf lamp is used to transfer atoms into the first

P

states, and the subsequent excitation is performed with the tunable radiation of a cw dye laser. We give results for the hyperfine structure of several

D

and

F

states in

{\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}

and

{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}

, obtained in level-crossing and optical double resonance experiments.

The hyperfine structure of several highly excited

^{2}D

states in

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

and

^{133}\mathrm{Cs}

has been measured. The

D

-state atoms were produced in a two-step-excitation process. In the first step, multiple scattering of the strong alkali-metal

{D}_{1}

and

{D}_{2}

lines from an rf lamp was used to excite atoms into the first excited

^{2}P

levels. The intense tunable radiation from a cw dye laser was used in the second step to transfer

P

-state atoms into highly excited

D

states. Level-crossing and optical-double-resonance techniques were used for the determination of the absolute values of the hyperfine-interaction constants. The following results (in MHz) were obtained for the magnetic dipole and the electric quadrupole interaction constants

a

and

b

: For

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

|a(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=7.84(5)

|b(6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.53(6)

(

\frac{b}{a}>0

|a(^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=3.6(7)

|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=4.53(3)

|b(7^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=0.26(4)

(

\frac{b}{a}>0

|a(7^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=2.2(5)

. For

^{133}\mathrm{Cs}

|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=3.98(8)

|a(8^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.9(4)

|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=2.37(3)

|a(9^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.5(2)

|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|=1.52(3)

|a(10^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|=0.4(2)

. The

a

factors generally deviate strongly from the values expected in a one-electron picture of the alkali-metal atom indicating the importance of polarization and correlation effects for these states. For

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

a comparison with a recent calculation including polarization effects is made. The

b

factors for

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

are the first significant values allowing a calculation of an alkali-metal-atom nuclear quadrupole moment from non-

P

-state data.

The hyperfine structures of the

8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}

and

9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}

states of

^{87}\mathrm{Rb}

and of the

12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}

state of

^{133}\mathrm{Cs}

have been measured by the method of stepwise excitation spectroscopy using a cw dye laser. We measure the magnetic dipole coupling constants to be $A(8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=159.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ MHz, $A(9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{87}\mathrm{Rb})=90.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ MHz, and $A(12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}, ^{133}\mathrm{Cs})=26.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ MHz.