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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

High frequency applications of intrinsic Josephson junctions in mesa structures on Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+y/ single crystals

Gerd Hechtfischer, W. Walkenhorst, Gerhard Kunkel, K. Schlenga, R. Kleiner, Paul Müller, H. L. Johnson

Published Jun 1, 1997• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on high frequency experiments with mesa structures patterned on Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+y/ single crystals (BSCCO). Due to the intrinsic Josephson effect between adjacent CuO/sub 2/ bilayers these mesas form stacks of 100 to 500 Josephson junctions. The ac-Josephson effect was investigated in the frequency range between 6 GHz and 120 GHz. We focus our interest on possible applications of intrinsic Josephson junctions as flux-flow oscillators and high-frequency mixers. These components form the essential parts of an integrated mm-wave receiver in BSCCO technology.

DOI
10.1109/77.621800

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We report on high frequency experiments with mesa structures patterned on Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+y/ single crystals (BSCCO). Due to the intrinsic Josephson effect between adjacent CuO/sub 2/ bilayers these mesas form stacks of 100 to 500 Josephson junctions. The ac-Josephson effect was investigated in the frequency range between 6 GHz and 120 GHz. We focus our interest on possible applications of intrinsic Josephson junctions as flux-flow oscillators and high-frequency mixers. These components form the essential parts of an integrated mm-wave receiver in BSCCO technology.
We have investigated the RF-induced steps in intrinsic Josephson junctions in mesa-shaped Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ single crystals. By applying RF signal in the frequency range 2-20 GHz to the mesa, two types of responses were observed depending on the frequency of the applied microwave. One is the Shapiro step response observed at the frequencies above the Josephson plasma frequency for surface junction. Another is the microwave-induced vortex flow response for surface and inner junctions. We found that the junction size is also the key condition for the observation of Shapiro steps together with the frequency of applied microwave.
We report the novel nonequilibrium microwave emission from current-injected Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O y (BSCCO)/I/Au intrinsic Josephson junctions and two-mesa array of intrinsic Josephson junctions. For the single intrinsic junctions, it appeared as three different modes of oscillations. Among them, two modes are Josephson plasma emissions which appeared at the quasiparticle branches and the gap-edges. The mutual phase interaction between two-mesa structures of BSCCO intrinsic Josephson junctions has been studied. The measured output power of the two-mesa structures of intrinsic Josephson junctions was almost four times larger than that of the single junction, indicating an exact phase-locking state between the two intrinsic Josephson junctions. The maximum detected power was about microwatt level at millimetre-wave range.
Using a double-sided fabrication method, we fabricated Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8(BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) with a gold-BSCCO-gold structure. Coherent emission is observed at large dc input power, where a hot spot and “cold” part of the stack, coexist. The power, directly detected with a bolometer, is as high as 25 μW, implying the integrated power should be already in the order of sub-mW. We have successfully pumped a Nb-based Josephson junction and a grain boundary Josephson junction. Also with a wide tunable frequency range, BSCCO THz emitters will find themselves many practical applications, e.g., local oscillators of SIS, HEB, and Josephson mixers.
With a thin gold layer, we fabricated mesa-like shunted intrinsic Josephson junction stacks on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x single crystals. Instead of the multibranch structure and large voltage jumps often observed in conventional intrinsic junctions, current–voltage characteristics typical of resistively shunted junctions were obtained. Individual Shapiro steps were clearly visible with irradiation at frequencies from a few to 20 GHz. The experiments demonstrated not only the ac Josephson effects directly but also the possibility of employing intrinsic Josephson junctions in high-frequency applications.
In this paper, we report on the recent progress in fabrication and high-frequency experiments of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs). Using a newly developed double-sided fabrication process, we single out a well-defined number of IJJs in a well-defined geometry from inside a slice of a BSCCO single crystal. We discuss in detail the observations of both Shapiro steps and harmonic mixings in the terahertz region, and we indicate the possible applications in spectroscopy.
The microwave response properties of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x long intrinsic Josephson junctions have been experimentally and theoretically investigated. We fabricated a mesa structure consisting of 14 junctions, 50 μm long and 4 μm wide, and observed the microwave-induced steps in the I-V characteristics under irradiation with microwaves in the range 5–8 GHz. The step voltages were proportional to the square root of the microwave power, implying that the steps were produced by the motion of fluxons created by the microwaves. The Josephson frequency corresponding to the maximum step voltage was estimated to be 570 GHz. The step voltage decreased with increasing temperature, which can be explained by the decrease of the Swihart velocity. We performed a numerical simulation using coupled sine-Gordon equations and obtained a power dependence of the step voltage similar to the experimental result, and demonstrated standing waves of electric fields with in-phase plasma oscillation in all the junctions. These facts suggest that the steps observed in the experiment were produced by plasma resonance excited by the external microwaves.