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Superconductor Science and Technology

Observation of Shapiro steps and spectroscopic applications of stacked intrinsic Josephson junctions up to the terahertz region

H B Wang, Lixing You, J Chen, Peiheng Wu, Takashi Yamashita

Published Dec 19, 2001• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we report on the recent progress in fabrication and high-frequency experiments of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs). Using a newly developed double-sided fabrication process, we single out a well-defined number of IJJs in a well-defined geometry from inside a slice of a BSCCO single crystal. We discuss in detail the observations of both Shapiro steps and harmonic mixings in the terahertz region, and we indicate the possible applications in spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/15/1/315

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In this paper, we report on the recent progress in fabrication and high-frequency experiments of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs). Using a newly developed double-sided fabrication process, we single out a well-defined number of IJJs in a well-defined geometry from inside a slice of a BSCCO single crystal. We discuss in detail the observations of both Shapiro steps and harmonic mixings in the terahertz region, and we indicate the possible applications in spectroscopy.
Using a newly developed double-side fabrication method, an IJJ stack plus a bow-tie antenna and chokes were integrated in a slice 200 nm thick and singled out from inside a bulk Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (BSCCO) single crystal. The junctions in the fabricated stack were very uniform, and the number of junctions involved was rather controllable. In addition to this method, which can be used to fabricate integrated circuits based on intrinsic Josephson junctions in high temperature (Tc) superconductors, also reported will be terahertz responses of IJJs, and the possible applications in quantum voltage standard, spectroscopy, and so on.
SUMMARY In this paper, we review the progress in BiSrCaCuO-2212 Intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) bysummarizing our recent results in fabrication and high frequencyexperiments. Using a double-side fabrication process, a well defined number of intrinsic Josephson junctions in a well defined geometrycan be fabricated. The junctions in the stack are quite homogeneous, and the power distribution of external irradiation among the junctions is even. Shapiro steps are clearlyobserved up to 2.5 THz, and the general condition for the occurrence of Shapiro steps at frequency f is that it should be much greater than the plasma frequency fpl. Under certain conditions the Shapiro steps are zero-crossing, making some applications possible, such as quantum voltage standard etc.
We report on high frequency experiments with mesa structures patterned on Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+y/ single crystals (BSCCO). Due to the intrinsic Josephson effect between adjacent CuO/sub 2/ bilayers these mesas form stacks of 100 to 500 Josephson junctions. The ac-Josephson effect was investigated in the frequency range between 6 GHz and 120 GHz. We focus our interest on possible applications of intrinsic Josephson junctions as flux-flow oscillators and high-frequency mixers. These components form the essential parts of an integrated mm-wave receiver in BSCCO technology.
We propose a new method for fabricating resistively shunted intrinsic Josephson junctions (RS-IJJs). Two mesas, measuring 6 × 6μm 2 and 100 × 100 μm 2 respectively in the a - b plane, have been fabricated in a Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x single crystal with a SiO layer evaporated in-between as an insulator. A gold stripe was sputtered onto the insulator to connect the mesas, thus effectively shunting the smaller one. The current–voltage ( I – V ) curves of such RS-IJJs have shown the typical behaviour of a resistively shunted junction with greatly reduced hysteresis and voltage jump. Under microwave irradiation at a 3 mm waveband, we have registered three types of Shapiro steps: conventional, sub-harmonic and zero-crossing. In this rapid communication, we discuss the fabrication details, as well as the observations of the Shapiro steps.
Microwave-induced steps were observed in I-V characteristics of intrinsic Josephson junctions fabricated on an overdoped BSCCO single crystal with a weak magnetic field parallel to the c-axis. Voltage intervals between the steps under the irradiation of 12.2, 13.2 and 13.9 GHz microwaves were independent of the microwave power and proportional to the frequency. From the measurement of voltage intervals, it was found that all the junctions in the fabricated junction stack simultaneously produced Shapiro steps, assuming that the steps are Shapiro steps.
With a thin gold layer, we fabricated mesa-like shunted intrinsic Josephson junction stacks on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x single crystals. Instead of the multibranch structure and large voltage jumps often observed in conventional intrinsic junctions, current–voltage characteristics typical of resistively shunted junctions were obtained. Individual Shapiro steps were clearly visible with irradiation at frequencies from a few to 20 GHz. The experiments demonstrated not only the ac Josephson effects directly but also the possibility of employing intrinsic Josephson junctions in high-frequency applications.