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Optics Express

Effect of dispersion fluctuations on widely tunable optical parametric amplification in photonic crystal fibers

J. S. Y. Chen, Stuart G. Murdoch, R. Leonhardt, J.D. Harvey

Published Jan 1, 2006• 54 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The effect of dispersion fluctuations on the conversion efficiency of large frequency shift parametric sidebands is studied by numerical simulation and experiment. Numerical results based on periodic and random dispersion models are used to fit the experimental results. The fitting parameters provide a measure of the uniformity of the photonic crystal fiber used in the experiment. This allows us to place limits on the required uniformity of a photonic crystal fiber for strong frequency conversion.

DOI
10.1364/oe.14.009491

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The effect of dispersion fluctuations on the conversion efficiency of large frequency shift parametric sidebands is studied by numerical simulation and experiment. Numerical results based on periodic and random dispersion models are used to fit the experimental results. The fitting parameters provide a measure of the uniformity of the photonic crystal fiber used in the experiment. This allows us to place limits on the required uniformity of a photonic crystal fiber for strong frequency conversion.
We study the interplay between parametric and Raman gain in photonic crystal fibers by taking into account the vector nature of the electric field, the fiber frequency dependent birefringence, the Kerr nonlinear coefficient, the Raman gain profile and chromatic dispersion. In particular, we show that an accurate representation of the frequency dependence of the nonlinear and dispersive properties of a photonic crystal fiber is essential for correctly describing the overall gain profile for a probe signal at large frequency detuning from a continuous wave or pulsed pump. For example, we found that fourth and higher order dispersion have a striking influence on the spectrum of modulation polarization instability gain in both the high and low birefringence regime, in that the vector parametric gain is suppressed above a critical level of linear birefringence. We validated the theory by experimental observations of vector parametric amplification in high birefringence holey fiber with triple defects.
Based on the dispersion property of a given photonic crystal fiber (PCF), we study how to directly generate photon pairs with minimized frequency correlation via pulse-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing. After illustrating why the intensity correlation function g (2) of individual signal (idler) photons can be used to reliably characterize the frequency correlation of photon pairs, we numerically investigate the dependence of g (2) under various kinds of experimental conditions. The results show that to minimize the frequency correlation, the experimental parameters should be properly optimized by balancing the influences of the high-order dispersion and the intrinsic sinc oscillation of phase matching function, apart from the satisfaction of the specified phase matching condition and the usage of transform-limited pump pulses. To verify the calculated results, we conduct two series of experiments by regulating the pump to respectively satisfy the asymmetric and symmetric group velocity matching conditions in our 0.6 m-long PCF. In both cases, the measured values of g (2) are less than the calculated results due to the inhomogeneity of the PCF; however, the experimental results qualitatively agree with the numerical simulations. Our investigation is very useful in fiber-based quantum state engineering.
Abstract Highly coherent frequency-entangled photons at telecom band are critical in quantum information protocols and quantum tele-communication. Photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear crystals or modulation instability in optical fibers exhibit random fluctuations. Here, we demonstrate highly stable frequency-entangled photons based on parametric instability in an active fiber ring cavity, where periodic modulation of dispersion excites parametric resonance, and the characteristic wave number is selected by the periodic modulation of resonator. Background-free autocorrelation of single-shot spectra reveals that spectra of parametric instability sidebands possess high coherence. The quantum properties are tested by the Hanbury Brown-Twiss measurement and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. We conform the frequency-entanglement of two parametric instability sidebands by a spatial quantum beating with a fringe visibility of 97.9%. Our results prove that the parametric instability in active fiber cavity is effective to generate highly coherent frequency-entangled photon pairs, which would facilitate subsequent quantum applications.
Future quantum networks will rely on the ability to coherently transfer optically encoded quantum information between different wavelength bands. Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing in optical fiber is a promising route to achieving this, but requires fibers with precise dispersion control and broadband transmission at signal, target, and pump wavelengths. Here, we introduce a photonic crystal fiber with a germanium-doped core featuring group velocity matching at 1550 nm, the telecoms C-band, and 920 nm, within the emission range of efficient single photon sources based on InAs quantum dots. With low chromatic walk-off and good optical guidance even at long wavelengths, large lengths of this fiber are used to achieve nanometer-scale frequency shifts between wavelengths around 920 nm with up to 79.4% internal conversion efficiency, allowing dissimilar InAs dots to be interfaced. We also show how cascading this frequency conversion can be used to generate a frequency comb away from telecoms wavelengths. Finally, we use the fiber to demonstrate tunable frequency conversion of weak classical signals around 918 nm to the telecoms C-band.
Based on the dispersion property of a given photonic crystal fiber (PCF), we study how to directly generate frequency de-correlated photon pairs via pulse pumped spontaneous four wave mixing from both the theoretical and experimental aspects. The numerical investigation shows that to generated the frequency de-correlated photon pairs, the experimental parameters should be properly optimized by balancing the influences of the high order dispersion and the intrinsic sinc oscillation of phase matching function, apart from the satisfaction of specified phase matching condition and the usage of transform limited pump pulses. We also conduct experiment to verify the numerical simulations, and the experimental results qualitatively agree with the calculations. For the filter free case, the experimentally obtained maximum g(2) of the individual signal photons is 1.76 ± 0.02. When this kind of photon pairs is used to realize the heralded single photons, the heralding efficiency can reach 86%.