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Communications in Physics

Optical Bistability Effect of Two-port Nonlinear Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Ho Quang Quy, Vu Ngọc Sau, Nguyen Van Hoa, Nguyễn Thị Thanh Tâm

Published Jun 30, 2011• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this article, the dependence of bistability characteristic of the two-port nonlinear fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (TPNFMZI) on initial phase shift, wavelength of input signal, nonlinear coefficient of refractive index and length of nonlinear fiber is investigated and discussed. The results of this work play an important role in designing the TPNFMZI and its application in the future.

DOI
10.15625/0868-3166/21/2/112

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In this article, the dependence of bistability characteristic of the two-port nonlinear fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (TPNFMZI) on initial phase shift, wavelength of input signal, nonlinear coefficient of refractive index and length of nonlinear fiber is investigated and discussed. The results of this work play an important role in designing the TPNFMZI and its application in the future.
In this article a two-ports nonlinear fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed. The expression for output-input intensity relation and the transmittance function are derived based on principle operation of optical coupler. The expression of coupling coefficient of coupler is presented. The bell shape of the transmittance function is simulated. The results lead to investigate bistability of two-ports-nonlinear fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer and to confirm bistable character of it in the future.
A nonlinear Mach-Zehnder fiber-optic interferometer as shown in Fig. 1 can be used for light squeezing1 and amplification.2 The mechanism can be viewed either as the Kerr effect,1 or degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM).2 Using the classical DFWM approach, one finds that if fields of the same frequency with phasors E s and E p (′signal′ and ′pump′) are fed into the inputs, then one output phasor is given by where the nonlinear phase shift is given by δφnl= QL |E S E p | cosδ, Q is the fiber nonlinear coefficient, L is the fiber length, and δ is the phase difference between the inputs.
It is known that two-wave coupling in photorefractive crystal may result in an intensity-dependent phase shift as well as energy transfer between the two waves without phase crosstalk. In a sense, this kind of phase shift is similar to the intensity-dependent refractive-index effects in Kerr media. Consequently, optical bistability can be established in an optical cavity with a photorefractive crystal. We formulate the model and get the expected bistable transmission with numerical simulations. Several cases, including that of the codirectional coupling and the contradirectional coupling, are considered. The effects of the photorefractive crystal’s distribution absorption and the spatial phase shift between the index grating and the light interference pattern in the crystal on the nonlinear transmission characteristics have also been studied. It is interesting to note that the output of the pumping wave is dependent on the cavity intensity and thus shows bistable behavior with respect to the cavity input as well.
We designed and manufactured an optical bistability waveguide device based on nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal used CdS_xSe_(1-x) doped glass. This kind of semiconductor doped glass has large nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear fast response time. The distribution of refractive index of the nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide satisfies sine function. We obtained the nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide by exposure holography and etching techniques. Length of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 3 mm. The height of the peak-groove of the waveguide is 0.1 μm. According to our design, the center of bandgap of the one-dimensional photonic crystal lies at 514.5 nm while the power density of the incident light, the incident light was reflected by the photonic crystal. When the power density of the incident light increasing, the bandgap is shifting to the direc-tion of short wavelength due to the decreasing of the refractive index with the increasing of the incident power density, so more incident light is transmitted. In experiment, we used an active mode-locking pulse of Ar ion laser as the light source which wavelength is 514.5 nm, repeating frequency is 82 MHz and pulse width is 200 ps. The light beam was coupled into the device by prism with a laser average power of 1.28 W (in the case of nonlinear saturation operation, optimum coupling efficiency is about 6%). Pulse wave forms of incident light and transmitted from sample were recorded in turn by 7 904 oscilloscope. The optical bistability curve of input power density and output one is fitted by computer. We obtained the threshold power density of bistable switch to be 1.60×10~5 W/cm~2 (it is equivalent to average power of 77 mW) and both the rise and fall time are 63 ps. We used the Finite Difference Time Domain Method to obtain the characteristics of the bandgap shift with the incident power density increasing of the nonlinear photonic crystal and calculate the optical bistability curve of this device. In theory, the threshold power density of bistable switch is about 1.40×10~5 W/cm~2 and the switch time is about 50 ps. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental ones. This device is a new and feasible one for optical information process and optical computing in the future.
This paper investigates the gain characteristics of coherent optical amplifiers that amplify only one of two quadrature phase components in an input signal light according to the phase of pump light. It is constructed around a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with Kerr media. To heuristically obtain the design parameters of the coherent optical amplifier, small-signal analysis is adapted to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with Kerr media. The theoretical results are then compared to experimental results and shown to agree well, which confirms the validity of this design approach. By utilizing low-loss and high-nonlinearity silica fiber as the Kerr medium and optimizing its length, a coherent optical amplifier is constructed that yields high-gain (up to 26 dB) operation.