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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Regenerative glass-fiber neodymium quantum amplifier

M. I. Dzhibladze, E. Sh. Teplitskii, R. R. Erikashvili

Published Jan 31, 1984• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of amplifying properties of an active neodymium glass fiber and a regenerative amplification regime was observed. It was found that the intensity gain of such a glass-fiber optical quantum amplifier increased exponentially on increase in the pump energy and corresponded to a regenerative regime. It was found that such a regenerative amplifier could operate on pulses above a certain minimum power. The experimental value of this minimum power was 10 mW. The maximum gain achieved in these experiments was 105 when the active length of the fiber was 40 cm.

DOI
10.1070/qe1984v014n01abeh004642

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Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of amplifying properties of an active neodymium glass fiber and a regenerative amplification regime was observed. It was found that the intensity gain of such a glass-fiber optical quantum amplifier increased exponentially on increase in the pump energy and corresponded to a regenerative regime. It was found that such a regenerative amplifier could operate on pulses above a certain minimum power. The experimental value of this minimum power was 10 mW. The maximum gain achieved in these experiments was 105 when the active length of the fiber was 40 cm.
An investigation was made of the feasibility of using cavity flashlamps to develop neodymium glass amplifiers with a high gain M per pass for amplification of weak signals. Active elements made of GLS22P glass of varying diameter were inserted alternately in the internal cavity of INK-22 and INK-12 flashlamps. It was found that an increase in the density of packing the optical pumping system with the cavity flashlamps (an increase in the ratio of the radii of the active elements to the radius or the reflector) did not increase the pumping efficiency. Monitoring the effective lifetime of the excited particles established that the main reason for the fall in the amplifier efficiency with increasing pump energy (the greater the active element diameter, the steeper the fall) was the influence of superradiance processes. A gain M = 10 3 was achieved in an amplifier excited by an INK-22 cavity flashlamp with an active element 6 mm in diameter and 300 mm long (the excited part was 200 mm long) when the ratio of the stored excitation energy to the pump energy was ~ 0.015.
To analyze recent experiments with a neodymium-doped fiber amplifier operating in the E-band of wavelengths (1350-1450 nm) and embedded in fused silica, we develop a time-dependent model consisting of rate equations for the aggregate ion populations and the radiation intensities along the amplifier axis. Both copropagating and counterpropagating intensities, including amplified spontaneous emission, are incorporated. The wavelength-dependent cross section for excited state absorption is inferred from auxiliary measurements. Steady-state solutions are obtained over a range of seed wavelengths and powers. The resulting gain curves agree with experiment at low to intermediate powers (less than ∼1 mW). With a proposed addition to the system loss, the agreement extends to saturation (∼100 mW).
A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the sp4Isb13/2\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}sp4Isb13/2 energy level.
In a study of the mechanism of giant pulse amplification in Nd3+doped glass, the following measurements have been made: 1) energy extracted from an amplifier as a function of the input energy, 2) relative fluorescence intensity at 0.9μ in a slab, pumped by the emission of a ruby laser, and 3) gain variation after the transit of an intense, short, rectangular pulse. The experimental results have been compared to theoretical results from a model where both metastable and terminal levels are regarded as comprising two components. The unknown multiplicity of the lower component of the terminal level g11appears as a parameter. It is assumed that during the pulse duration, Boltzmann distribution is maintained between the components of each level. A finite terminal level lifetime τnmay be introduced in the model. Best agreement is obtained with the following values of the parameters: amplification cross section\sigma_{21}\simeq 1.8.10^{-20}cm2,g_{11} = 1or 2, and\tau_{11} \geq 100ns.