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Physical Review A

Coherent population transfer of ground-state atoms into Rydberg states

T. Cubel, Boon-Keng Kevin Teo, Vladimir S. Malinovsky, Jeffrey R. Guest, Aaron Reinhard, Brenton Knuffman, P. R. Berman, Georg A. Raithel

Published Aug 8, 2005• 80 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The technique of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is used to excite laser-cooled rubidium atoms from the $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}5{S}_{1∕2}$ ground state to the $44{D}_{5∕2}$ Rydberg state through the $5{P}_{3∕2}$ state. The utilized double-STIRAP scheme allows for an accurate determination of the absolute excitation efficiency. Experimental data are compared with results of a detailed theoretical model, and good agreement is found. It is concluded that at the center of the excitation region an excitation efficiency of 70% is achieved.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.023405

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The technique of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is used to excite laser-cooled rubidium atoms from the 85Rb5S1∕2^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}5{S}_{1∕2}85Rb5S1∕2​ ground state to the 44D5∕244{D}_{5∕2}44D5∕2​ Rydberg state through the 5P3∕25{P}_{3∕2}5P3∕2​ state. The utilized double-STIRAP scheme allows for an accurate determination of the absolute excitation efficiency. Experimental data are compared with results of a detailed theoretical model, and good agreement is found. It is concluded that at the center of the excitation region an excitation efficiency of 70% is achieved.
We demonstrate the use of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) for population transfer from the ground state to the 5D5/2 level (5 5 5 ) S P D / / / 1 2 3 2 5 2 in laser-cooled 87 Rb atoms and examine the influence of the time delay between laser pulses, pulse height, pulse duration and frequency detuning from resonance on the efficiency of Rb atom excitation to the 5D5/2 level. In our experiments, the pulse duration was varied widely (30 - 200 ns), which allowed us to assess the effect of spontaneous decay on the population of the 5D5/2 level (natural lifetime, 300 ns). We per- formed numerical calculations with allowance for spontaneous decay from the 5P3/2 and 5D5/2 levels and compared the results to experimental data, which allowed the population of the 5D5/2 level to be determined. The maximum population of the 5D5/2 level in the region under excitation was 80 % of the total number of rubidium atoms.
A series of experiments is performed on cold 85Rb atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap. A variation of Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is used to transfer population from the 5S 1/2 ground state to the 5D5/2 state with an efficiency exceeding 80%. This process relies on moderately intense pulses arriving in the counterintuitive order, i.e., the upper transition (5P → 5D) driven before the lower transition (5S → 5P ). There is reasonable agreement with computer simulations, excepting a marked discrepancy between measured intensities and those used in the simulations. With a large ensemble of 5D atoms available, the 5D photoionization cross section at four different laser wavelengths (1064, 788, 647 and 532 nm) is determined via trap loss measurements. The theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental results (17.7, 10.9, 7.6 and 5.2 Mb, respectively). An experiment to measure the 5S-5D collisional rate constant sets an order-of-magnitude upper bound of 10−10 cm3/s, assuming all atoms are 5S-5D pairs. ^
We demonstrate experimentally how the process of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) can be utilized for efficient coherent internal state transfer in single trapped and laser-cooled 40 Ca + ions. The transfer from the D 3/2 to the D 5/2 state, is detected by a fluorescence measurement revealing the population not transferred to the D 5/2 state. A coherent population transfer efficiency at the level of 95% in a set-up allowing for the internal state detection of individual ions in a string has been obtained.
We investigate the coherent population transfer and associated effects for a three level atomic system, with the third level being a Rydberg state. The scheme adopted here is the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). An atomic beam of metastable helium is orthogonally crossing two laser beams in a tunable dc electric field. The ir laser of 790 - 830 nm connects the triplet 3P state to the Rydberg states (n = 12 - 50) and the uv laser of 389 nm connects the metastable triplet 2S state to the triplet 3P state. A third laser of 1083 nm driving 2S-2P transition is applied downstream, providing a strong bichromatic force on the atoms remaining in the 2S state to deflect them, establishing the absolute count of Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms can be ionized by background thermal radiations at room temperature and it is observed in this experiment. This fact actually enables precise measurement, especially spectroscopy, of Rydberg atoms by simply looking at the ions, which are easy to detect. It is also confirmed that background thermal radiation could significantly redistribute the population between neighboring Rydberg states. The 2S, 3P and the final Rydberg states all have magnetic sub-levels, hence the linkage pattern of the excitation has non-trivial crossings, if the polarizations of the two lasers are not parallel to each other. Those phase differences in different excitation paths induced by the laser polarizations can lead to interference which would determine the excitation probability and the polarization of the excited atom. Theoretical calculations predict interesting interference patterns as a function of laser polarizations and Rabi frequencies. Those interference structures have been experimentally observed. Transverse velocity distribution in the atomic beam turns out to be a limiting factor in the efficiency of production of Rydberg atoms. The transverse velocity of an atom can not only induce one-photon detuning but also two-photon detuning, which could effectively reduce the STIRAP process efficiency. By adding a laser to make Doppler molasses in the transverse direction, we can heat or cool the atomic beam transversely and verify this effect. | 190 pages
We report on experimental investigations of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5{\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Y}}_{2}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}Pr3+:Y2​SiO5​ crystal. STIRAP drives complete, coherent population transfer between two hyperfine levels in the Pr3+{\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}Pr3+ ions. We investigate the variation of the STIRAP transfer efficiency with the experimental parameters: e.g., detunings, Rabi frequencies, and pulse delays. In addition, we also observe an alternative and efficient, adiabatic transfer process---i.e., bbb-STIRAP---which occurs for a reversed sequence of laser pulses. We compare the efficiencies and time-resolved transfer dynamics of STIRAP and bbb-STIRAP. The experimental data are supported by numerical simulations, also including the effect of laser frequency jitter. Our experimental data and the numerical simulations provide a clear and convincing demonstration of adiabatic excitations in a solid medium.