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Optical Engineering

Noninterferometric optical phase-shifter module in phase-shifted optical quantization

Xin Fu, Hongming Zhang, Zhuangqian Zhang, Minyu Yao

Published Mar 1, 2009• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A noninterferometric configuration for an optical phase-shifter module (OPSM) is presented and demonstrated, which is a key component in phase-shifted optical quantization (PSOQ) systems. In a PSOQ system employing such an OPSM, the input electrical analog signal is applied on two LiNbO3 intensity modulators in parallel, and the OPSM takes the outputs of the intensity modulators as its input and yields N-channel optical outputs, which are thresholded to generate digitized values of the input analog signal. The feasibility of this OPSM configuration is demonstrated by a proof-of-principle PSOQ experiment, in which a 2.5-GHz single tone is applied to the modulators and 16 transmission curves are recorded. Based on these transmission curves, software sampling indicates that an effective number of bits equal to 4.17 is attainable for a frequency as high as 2.5 GHz. Benefits of such an OPSM are easier control and high precision of desired phase shifts.

DOI
10.1117/1.3089884

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A noninterferometric configuration for an optical phase-shifter module (OPSM) is presented and demonstrated, which is a key component in phase-shifted optical quantization (PSOQ) systems. In a PSOQ system employing such an OPSM, the input electrical analog signal is applied on two LiNbO3 intensity modulators in parallel, and the OPSM takes the outputs of the intensity modulators as its input and yields N-channel optical outputs, which are thresholded to generate digitized values of the input analog signal. The feasibility of this OPSM configuration is demonstrated by a proof-of-principle PSOQ experiment, in which a 2.5-GHz single tone is applied to the modulators and 16 transmission curves are recorded. Based on these transmission curves, software sampling indicates that an effective number of bits equal to 4.17 is attainable for a frequency as high as 2.5 GHz. Benefits of such an OPSM are easier control and high precision of desired phase shifts.
A frequency shifter of the photon is a key component for frequency-multiplexed high-capacity quantum communications and frequency-encoded quantum computation. Existed methods for shifting the frequency of a photon based on electro-optical or acousto-optical effect, however, suffer the limited frequency shift up to a few hundreds of GHz; furthermore, high-quality micro-wave electronics are required. The frequency of a photon can also be shifted with the frequency difference equal to the frequency of pump laser by using an all optical-wave-mixing approach, which is usually about tens of THz. So, there is a big frequency shifting gap between these methods. Here, we propose a new scheme of a quantum frequency shifter based on an all-optical-wave-mixing process, which can theoretically achieve a frequency shift ranging from GHz to a few THz, therefore bridging the gap. As a principle of poof, by using two pump beams in a three-wave mixing cascading process, a heralded single photon is frequency-shifted more than ±400 GHz, and the shift can be tuned continuously over broadband by changing the frequency difference between two pump lasers. In addition, high coincidence to accidence ratio between the shifted photons and the heralded photon indicates the preserve of quantum properties. The present quantum frequency shifter is in analog to an electro-optical based shifter, but with much broader tuning ability. Our all-optical quantum frequency shifter will become a fundamental building block for high-speed quantum communication networks and frequency-domain photonic quantum computation.
We introduce our recent photonic quantum information processing experiments using the high-speed electro-optic modulator (EOM) based on a lithium niobate waveguides. First, we demonstrated the frequency shifter for single photons by using an optical single sideband (OSSB) modulator, which is based on the nested configuration of four phase modulators (PMs). By properly setting the RF modulation signal and the bias voltage to each PM, we can suppress unwanted sidebands to realize a frequency shifter that can tune the frequency of single photons with accuracy of an RF synthesizer. Using the OSSB modulator, we eliminated the frequency distinguishability between two single photons whose frequencies were different by 25 GHz, and as a result observed a Hong-Ou- Mandel interference with a visibility exceeding 90%. We also proposed and demonstrated a two-qubit controlled logic gate for time-bin qubits using a two-input, two-output optical switch. The switch enables us to individually perform different functions for two temporal bases as a time-dependent beam splitter, so that we can realize controlled-phase (C-Phase) gate for a time-bin qubit. We showed that the states of two separable single photons were entangled as a result of the C-Phase gate operation. We performed the quantum state tomography to obtain density matrices of the output states from the C-Phase gate for some specific input states, and confirmed that the averaged state fidelity to the pure states was 85%. These results indicate that the EOMs will be a useful tool for realizing advanced photonic quantum communication systems.
Deterministic frequency manipulation of single photons is an essential tool for quantum communications and quantum networks. We demonstrate a 15.65 GHz frequency shift for classical and nonclassical light using a commercially available quadrature phase-shift keying modulator. The measured spectrum of frequency-shifted single photons indicates a high carrier-to-sideband ratio of 30 dB. We illustrate our frequency shifter's utility in quantum photonics by performing Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum interference between two photons whose initial frequency spectra overlap only partially, and showing visibility improvement from 62.7 to 89.1% after one of the photons undergoes a corrective frequency shift.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secret key exchange between two users with unconditional security. For QKD to be widely deployed, low cost and compactness are crucial requirements alongside high performance. Currently, the majority of QKD systems demonstrated rely on bulk intensity and phase modulators to generate optical pulses with precisely defined amplitude and relative phase difference—i.e., to encode information as signal states and decoy states. However, these modulators are expensive and bulky, thereby limiting the compactness of QKD systems. Here, we present and experimentally demonstrate a novel optical transmitter design to overcome this disadvantage by generating intensity- and phase-tunable pulses at GHz clock speeds. Our design removes the need for bulk modulators by employing directly modulated lasers in combination with optical injection locking and coherent interference. This scheme is, therefore, well suited to miniaturization and photonic integration, and we implement a proof-of-principle QKD demonstration to highlight potential applications.