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Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II Electronics)

Optical switching effects using excited state absorption of Er3+ ‐doped fibers

Yoshinobu Maeda, Masatoshi Migitaka

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract When a 787‐nm signal light with constant optical intensity is superimposed with a control light of the same wavelength in an Er‐doped optical fiber, optical switchoff occurs. The optical intensity of the control light for switch‐off is 1.4 and 25 W/cm2. As the optical intensity increases, the optical transmission of the fiber decreases. When the optical intensity is 25 W/cm2, the optical transmission is lowest. A numerical analysis based on the four‐level double absorption model indicates that this nonlinear transmission characteristic takes place because the excited absorption due to the 2H11/2‐4I13/2 transition of Er3+ is predominating in the 4I9/24I15/2 and 2H11/2‐4H13/2 double absorptions. The optical switch‐off phenomenon is regarded as the first‐order phase transition phenomenon due to complex saturable absorbers with negative optical intensity dependence in optical transmission.

DOI
10.1002/ecjb.4420750404

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A negative input-output characteristic was obtained in an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has multiple-level energy structure: absorption can occur between a ground level and an excited level (4I−4I) and between two other excited levels (4I−2H) in Er3+. It occurred at a wavelength between 786.6 and 788.4 nm by variation of the incident laser intensity in the intensity range of 60 nW/cm2 to 100 W/cm2. It is considered that an enhanced absorption occurs due to the excited-state absorption from 4I to 2H, its spectra matching the wavelength dependence of the incident laser In addition, optical signal inverter phenomenon was observed using a laser diode modulated at 10 MHz. By considering multiple excited-state absorption in detail, active functions such as an optical signal inverter could be derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(4): 74–80, 1997

Electrical Engineering in Japan•Sep 1, 1997•0 citations
Abstract When a 787‐nm signal light with constant optical intensity is superimposed with a control light of the same wavelength in an Er‐doped optical fiber, optical switchoff occurs. The optical intensity of the control light for switch‐off is 1.4 and 25 W/cm2. As the optical intensity increases, the optical transmission of the fiber decreases. When the optical intensity is 25 W/cm2, the optical transmission is lowest. A numerical analysis based on the four‐level double absorption model indicates that this nonlinear transmission characteristic takes place because the excited absorption due to the 2H11/2‐4I13/2 transition of Er3+ is predominating in the 4I9/24I15/2 and 2H11/2‐4H13/2 double absorptions. The optical switch‐off phenomenon is regarded as the first‐order phase transition phenomenon due to complex saturable absorbers with negative optical intensity dependence in optical transmission.
Optical switch-off in which the constant signal light is suddenly decreased at 1.4 and 25.0 W/cm2 was demonstrated with an erbium-doped fiber using a single-wavelength control light. Discontinuous phenomena of optical switch-off have hysteresis and occur at a minimum or inflection point in the transmission curve. Negative intensity dependence, which causes the transmission to decrease as the laser intensity is increased, was observed at 787 nm, but not at 808 nm. Numerical analyses were carried out using a four-level double-absorption model. As a result, it was found that these phenomena take place because the absorption cross section from 4I13/2 to 2H11/2 is larger than that from 4I15/2 to 4I9/2.
Optical bistability derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect was investigated in 470 ppm erbium-doped fibers using a 1.5 µm laser diode. Optical bistability was observed in a laser intensity range of 0.3 W/cm2 to 2.5 kW/cm2 at a fiber length of 6 m. The transmitted laser intensity (I out), propagating through the fiber, decreased exponentially in accordance with the well-known exponential law. However, the amplitude of the optical bistability (ΔI out) increased logarithmically as the fiber length was increased. It was clarified that ΔI out was proportional to the product of exp (-L) and log (L) as a function of the fiber length (L). The optical bistability can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
A negative input-output characteristic was obtained in an erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has multiple-level energy structure: absorption can occur between a ground level and an excited level (4I15/2-4I9/2) and between two other excited levels (4I13/2-2H11/2) in Er3+. It was caused at the wavelength between 786.6 and 788.4nm by the variation of incident laser intensity in the intensity range of 60 nW/cm2 to 100 W/cm2. It is considered that an enhanced absorption occurs due to the excited state absorption from 4I13/2 to 2H11/2. Because its spectra match the wavelength dependence of the incident laser. In addition, optical signal inverter phenomenon was observed using a laser diode modulated with 10 MHz. By considering multiple excited state absorption in detail, active functions such as an optical signal inverter could be derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect.
An all-optical switch which has a negative amplification of the optical signal was demonstrated in an erbium-doped fiber. The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree of the incident laser was investigated and we obtained the negative amplification degree of -3 for a fiber length of 6 m at room temperature. It has been confirmed that the mechanism of the effect can be explained by calculating the rate equations based on an analytical model for a five-level system of the Er3+ ion. It is suggested that the effect was due to stimulated emission from the 4 S 3/2 level to the 4 I 13/2 level.
A negative input-output characteristic was obtained in an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has multiple-level energy structure: absorption can occur between a ground level and an excited level (4I−4I) and between two other excited levels (4I−2H) in Er3+. It occurred at a wavelength between 786.6 and 788.4 nm by variation of the incident laser intensity in the intensity range of 60 nW/cm2 to 100 W/cm2. It is considered that an enhanced absorption occurs due to the excited-state absorption from 4I to 2H, its spectra matching the wavelength dependence of the incident laser In addition, optical signal inverter phenomenon was observed using a laser diode modulated at 10 MHz. By considering multiple excited-state absorption in detail, active functions such as an optical signal inverter could be derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(4): 74–80, 1997