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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A

Maximally Entangled Mixed States and the Bell Inequality

William J. Munro, Kae Nemoto

Published Feb 1, 2001• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Recently a class of maximally entangled states has been proposed that has the maximum amount of entanglement for a given purity. We investigate how much such states violate the conventional Bell inequality and discuss its implication.
DOI
10.1515/zna-2001-0123

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Maximally entangled mixed states are those states that, for a given mixedness, achieve the greatest possible entanglement. For two-qubit systems and for various combinations of entanglement and mixedness measures, the form of the corresponding maximally entangled mixed states is determined primarily analytically. As measures of entanglement, we consider entanglement of formation, relative entropy of entanglement, and negativity; as measures of mixedness, we consider linear and von Neumann entropies. We show that the forms of the maximally entangled mixed states can vary with the combination of (entanglement and mixedness) measures chosen. Moreover, for certain combinations, the forms of the maximally entangled mixed states can change discontinuously at a specific value of the entropy. Along the way, we determine the states that, for a given value of entropy, achieve maximal violation of Bell's inequality.
We propose an alternative evaluation of quantum entanglement by measuring the maximum violation of the Bell’s inequality without information of the reduced density matrix of a system. This proposal is demonstrated by bridging the maximum violation of the Bell’s inequality and a concurrence of a pure state in an n-qubit system, in which one subsystem only contains one qubit and the state is a linear combination of two product states. We apply this relation to the ground states of four qubits in the Wen-Plaquette model and show that they are maximally entangled. A topological entanglement entropy of the Wen-Plaquette model could be obtained by relating the upper bound of the maximum violation of the Bell’s inequality to the generalized concurrence of a pure state with respect to different bipartitions.
Bell inequalities have traditionally been used to demonstrate that quantum theory is nonlocal, in the sense that there exist correlations generated from composite quantum states that cannot be explained by means of local hidden variables. With the advent of device-independent quantum information processing, Bell inequalities have gained an additional role as certificates of relevant quantum properties. In this work we consider the problem of designing Bell inequalities that are tailored to detect the presence of maximally entangled states. We introduce a class of Bell inequalities valid for an arbitrary number of measurements and results, derive analytically their maximal violation and prove that it is attained by maximally entangled states. Our inequalities can therefore find an application in device-independent protocols requiring maximally entangled states.
Recent numerical investigations [K. P\'al and T. V\'ertesi, Phys. Rev. A 82, 022116 (2010)] suggest that the I3322 inequality, arguably the simplest extremal Bell inequality after the CHSH inequality, has a very rich structure in terms of the entangled states and measurements that maximally violate it. Here we show that for this inequality the maximally entangled state of any dimension achieves the same violation than just a single EPR pair. In contrast, stronger violations can be achieved using higher dimensional states which are less entangled. This shows that the maximally entangled state is not the most nonlocal resource, even when one restricts attention to the most simple extremal Bell inequalities.