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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Real-Time Measurement of the Population Densities in Gd Atomic Vapor Using Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy at 394.554 nm

Euo Chang Jung, Kwang-Hoon Ko, Taek-Soo Kim, Duck-Hee Kwon

Published Feb 10, 2004• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The absorption spectra of two transitions originating from 0 and 999 cm -1 for atomic Gd were investigated at 394.554 nm. Newly measured transition probabilities are reported. Because of a narrow spectral difference of approximately 0.195 cm -1 between the two transitions, rapid sweeping of the diode laser wavelength made it possible to record both the absorption spectra simultaneously. The adopted technique enabled the real-time monitoring of the fraction of the Gd vapor at the ground energy level.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.43.822

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The alkali atom concentration plays an important role in the performance of a diode pumped alkali vapor laser (DPAL). At the rubidium DPAL operational region, the alkali concentration is as high as 1 0 13 − 1 0 14 c m − 3 , which is “optically thick,” or opaque, for the 780 nm or 795 nm doublet D lines when the traditional scanning absorption spectrum method is used for concentration measurement. To solve this problem, we propose the use of a probe laser of 420 nm, which corresponds to the 5 2 S 1 / 2 to 6 2 P 3 / 2 transition and has a lower absorption cross section compared to the D-line doublet. Due to the moderate absorption strength at a fixed 420 nm probe wavelength, we realized fast, online measurement of the Rb concentration in a real-world DPAL. By combining it with the quasi-two-level model, we further provided the population distribution in the lower three energy levels. This fast, online diagnostic method could be well applied in DPAL concentration measurement, and could show the dynamics of a laser’s performance.
We report on spectroscopic measurements of the Rb 5 D 5/2 state performed using two-photon excitation with a resonant intermediate state. With the two beams (5 S 1/2 → 5 P 3/2 at 780 nm and 5 P 3/2 → 5 D 5/2 at 776 nm) counterpropagating, the spectra are Doppler-free and the signals are very robust, even in a room temperature vapor. This is due to the near match of the transition wavelengths. The 5 D 5/2 hyperfine constants have been measured and compared to previous determinations. We have also performed the excitation in a sample of laser-cooled atoms and compare these results to those obtained at room temperature. The fact that the 5 P 3/2 → 5 D 5/2 transition is narrow, robust, diode-laser accessible, and relatively immune to AC-Stark shifts, may make it a promising candidate for a frequency reference at 776 nm.
We determine the absolute density of a sample of laser-cooled atoms in a two-level system by recording the absorption spectrum of the 85Rb 5S1/2 (F = 3, mf = 3) → 5P3/2 (F′ = 4, m′f = 4) transition. Trapped atoms were prepared in the (F = 3, mf = 3) ground state through optical-pumping techniques. We compare our results with an independent measure of the density that relies on a direct measurement of the number of atoms and size of the atomic sample. We also study the contributions of power broadening, laser line width, and Doppler broadening to the measured absorption spectrum. Our studies suggest that the natural line width (~6 MHz) can be measured to a precision of less than ~50 kHz if the laser line width is measured in real-time with a high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity. PACS Nos.: 32.70.Cs, 32.70.Jz, 32.80.Pj, 42.62.Fi, 32.70.–n, 32.30.–r