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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Resonant fluorescence line narrowing measurements in erbium-doped glasses for optical amplifiers

Laurent Bigot, Anne-Marie Jurdyc, B. Jacquier, L. Gasca, D. Bayart

Published Dec 11, 2002• 50 citations

Abstract

Rapid development of optical fiber amplifiers, and more especially of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) during the last decade, has benefited from extensive work on the configuration of the system itself: determination of pump wavelength, pumping configuration, improvement of noise performance, etc. However, less effort have been dedicated to study the interaction that influences the spectral profile of the gain bandwidth and particularly the relation between the glass composition and the spectroscopy of erbium. Here, we report a systematic determination of key parameters responsible for the global profile of the gain bandwidth: stark splitting, homogeneous broadening, and inhomogeneous broadening. The correlation between these parameters and the glass structure from one part and the behavior of the EDFA in amplification regime from another part is discussed. The quasiregular crystal-field splitting of tellurite and fluoride glasses is found to correlate well with the flatness of the gain profile. Moreover, the low-temperature homogeneous bandwidths extrapolated to room temperature can be correlated to the saturation spectral hole widths measured in the amplification regime.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.66.214204

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Rapid development of optical fiber amplifiers, and more especially of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) during the last decade, has benefited from extensive work on the configuration of the system itself: determination of pump wavelength, pumping configuration, improvement of noise performance, etc. However, less effort have been dedicated to study the interaction that influences the spectral profile of the gain bandwidth and particularly the relation between the glass composition and the spectroscopy of erbium. Here, we report a systematic determination of key parameters responsible for the global profile of the gain bandwidth: stark splitting, homogeneous broadening, and inhomogeneous broadening. The correlation between these parameters and the glass structure from one part and the behavior of the EDFA in amplification regime from another part is discussed. The quasiregular crystal-field splitting of tellurite and fluoride glasses is found to correlate well with the flatness of the gain profile. Moreover, the low-temperature homogeneous bandwidths extrapolated to room temperature can be correlated to the saturation spectral hole widths measured in the amplification regime.

Germanosilicate glass shows inhomogeneous saturation behavior,1 whereas aluminogermanosilicate glass shows homogeneous behavior.2 Zemon et al.3 have published a study of nonresonant fluorescence line narrowing (FLN), but their spectra show little evidence of significant spectral narrowing by site selection. Spectral hole-burning spectroscopy has been applied by Desurvire et al.4 on Er3+ in aluminosilicate fiber. They extracted an inhomogeneous linewidth Γin of 12.5 nm and a homogeneous linewidth Γh of 115 nm.

The gain saturation characteristics of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, which are of importance for applications in optical fiber communications, will depend strongly on the relative importance of homogeneous and inhomogeneous saturation. We have recently reported low temperature spectral hole burning measurements in an erbium-doped fiber with an alumino-silicate core1. From these measurements the homogeneous linewidth was determined to be 11.5 nm. This is consistent with the homogeneous gain saturation observed for alumino-silicate fibers.2 For erbium-doped fibers with GeO2:SiO2 cores, on the other hand, inhomogeneous saturation effects have been reported.3

Summary form only given. Recently it has been shown that small changes in pump wavelength within the 980-nm pump band change the shape of the gain spectrum of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). These gain variations can be as large as 3 dB in a typical line amplifier and cannot be explained by the well known homogeneous model for EDFAs. Pump-induced gain changes must be accounted for in multiwavelength amplifiers and systems operating over the pump-wavelength-sensitive short-wavelength portion of the erbium gain band. In this paper, we compare the impact of pump-mediated inhomogeneities on the gain spectra of EDFAs pumped in the 1480- and 980-nm pump bands. We find that the shape of the EDFA gain spectrum is less affected by changes in pump wavelength in the 1480-nm band, and show that in both cases the dynamic gain tilt function (DGTF) is relatively insensitive to changes in pump wavelength. The latter indicates that inversion-induced gain changes can be predicted from a (measured) DGTF despite pump band and some signal band inhomogeneities. We present fluorescence line narrowing measurements that explain these results and suggest a physical mechanism for 980-nm band pump-mediated inhomogeneities.

A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes.>