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Physics-Uspekhi

Laser frequency standards at the P N Lebedev Physical Institute

Vladimir L Velichansky, M A Gubin

Published Nov 30, 2009• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A brief review is made of the investigations conducted at the Laboratory of Frequency Standards at the P N Lebedev Physical Institute (FIAN) Division of Quantum Radiophysics along an important line of inquiry into the development of quantum frequency standards?the elaboration of a subminiature clock based on the coherent population trapping effect in alkali metal atoms with semiconductor laser pumping (frequency stability of 10?11?10?12 for an averaging time of ~ 104 s) and compact master oscillators/optical clocks with a frequency stability of 10?14?10?15 (for an averaging time of 1 s) based on He?Ne/CH4 and fiber femtosecond lasers.

DOI
10.3367/ufne.0179.200911h.1219

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A brief review is made of the investigations conducted at the Laboratory of Frequency Standards at the P N Lebedev Physical Institute (FIAN) Division of Quantum Radiophysics along an important line of inquiry into the development of quantum frequency standards?the elaboration of a subminiature clock based on the coherent population trapping effect in alkali metal atoms with semiconductor laser pumping (frequency stability of 10?11?10?12 for an averaging time of ~ 104 s) and compact master oscillators/optical clocks with a frequency stability of 10?14?10?15 (for an averaging time of 1 s) based on He?Ne/CH4 and fiber femtosecond lasers.
In the Laboratory of Frequency Standards, Quantum Radiophysics Division, Lebedev Physical Institute, a compact atomic standard of frequency and time is being developed. The results of this study make it possible to achieve a narrower metrological resonance of coherent population trapping (CPT) than in developed foreign analogues of compact atomic clocks, which will have a direct effect on the standard stability. The effect of the combination of buffer gas and antirelaxation coating on the CPT amplitude and resonance width are studied; parameters of short-cavity diode lasers (SCDLs) specially developed in collaboration with the Polyus Research and Development Institute are studied. A prototype of the compact physical discriminator for the atomic clock is developed and assembled. The dark width of the metrological resonance in the discriminator is less than 1 kHz, which theoretically implies the development of a compact atomic clock with a stability (Allan parameter) no worse than 3 · 10 −12 per hour.
Today, precise laser control of the quantum states of single ions cooled to low temperatures in traps ensures significant progress in the development of such physical areas as optical and microwave frequency standards, quantum computing, and accurate measurements of transition frequencies to confirm fundamental physical theories.Pioneering ideas about the possibility of using lasers in the development of frequency standards, expressed in the 1960s by the Nobel laureate N G Basov, have enjoyed rapid development: the relative accuracy of frequency standards has reached the 18th decimal place, and the experimentally demonstrated coherence time of narrow optical transitions amounts to tens of seconds.The paper presents a selective review, as well as the results of research at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the area of using elements of quantum logic in the action of coherent laser pulses on single ions.Also discussed is the use of quantum logic methods in optical clocks based on the Al + ion and the multiply charged Al + ion, and also in quantum computers based on Ca + and Yb + ions.
The comparison of optical oscillators is used both to determine their spectral characteristics and to perform fundamental research. To describe each individual laser system, it is necessary to compare at least three independent laser oscillators. Three ultrastable lasers with wavelengths of 1140, 1550, and 871 nm located in different laboratories at the Lebedev Physical Institute have been compared. A femtosecond frequency comb has been used to transfer stability between different spectral ranges. A fractional frequency instability has been obtained with the three-cornered hat method and phase noise of each laser has been analyzed. Using this method, it has been shown that the characteristics of the laser system at a wavelength of 871 nm are appropriate to control the quantum state of an optical qubit on a quadrupole transition in an ytterbium ion with a n-atural width of 3.1 Hz.
In the mid-20th century, atoms were realized to be good candidates for time or frequency standards since transition energies or frequencies between two energy levels of some unperturbed atoms are more stable than those defined by the rotation of the earth or artefact-based clocks such as quartz crystal clocks. This motivated extensive research on realization and improvement of such kind of quantum-based time or frequency standards. The ultra-stable laser, referred to as a local oscillator in a clock, still drifts over time due to environmentally induced length fluctuations of the reference cavity. With the development of ion traps, ultra-narrow linewidth lasers and optical frequency combs, optical clocks based on single trapped ions as a new type of clocks have been realized in many laboratories. Ions can only stay in the trap within a certain region, which is called stability region. There is a variety of potential sources of systematic shifts associated with the clock transition in ion optical clocks.