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Optics Letters

Low-power optical bistability and hysteresis in the laser system with absorbing nanosuspension

Georgii E. Pobegalov, Peter M. Agruzov, Igor V. Il'ichev, Alexander V. Shamray

Published Apr 30, 2014• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate an optical bistability in a laser system with incoherent optical feedback and a nanosuspension as a nonlinear element. The optical transfer function is shown to exhibit a hysteresis loop for the light power in the range of a few milliwatts. It has been found that the optical bistability relies on the incoherent optical feedback and thermal defocusing nonlinear optical response of the nanosuspension.

DOI
10.1364/ol.39.002819

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We demonstrate an optical bistability in a laser system with incoherent optical feedback and a nanosuspension as a nonlinear element. The optical transfer function is shown to exhibit a hysteresis loop for the light power in the range of a few milliwatts. It has been found that the optical bistability relies on the incoherent optical feedback and thermal defocusing nonlinear optical response of the nanosuspension.
A model of nonlinear optical system surrounded by two loops of feedback is investigated. The cell with the vapor of rubidium - type atoms is taken in the capacity of nonlinear element. Two modes of near-resonant electromagnetic field interacting with the cell are involved in the feedback. Two-dimensional optical bistability domain in location of input field intensities is obtained and dependence of its form and magnitude from the system parameters (photon detunings, feedback factor etc.) is investigated. "Input - output" relations corresponding to different trajectories in the bistability domain are obtained. Cross-hysteresis is studied.
In the last chapter, we examined the effect of cubic nonlinearity on selfrefraction of an optical beam. We have also seen that the presence of a quadratic nonlinearity can also contribute to change in the profile of a Gaussian beam in a crystal. In this chapter we will see how the effect of nonlinearity, alongwith the proper feedback, can give rise to optical bistability and hysteresis. This is not unexpected as hysteresis and bistability are also observed in nonlinear electronic circuits with feedback, such as in the Schmitt trigger, as well as in hybrid optical devices, such as an acoustooptic device with feedback (Banerjee and Poon, 1991). In what follows, we will examine two different types of optically bistable devices based on optical nonlinearities. The first is a nonlinear ring resonator comprising a two-level gain medium as the nonlinear element. We will treat both absorptive and dispersive bistability. Absorptive bistability is the case when the incident optical frequency is close to or equal to the transition frequency of the atoms from one level to another. In this case, the absorption coefficient becomes a nonlinear function of the incident intensity. On the other hand, if the frequencies are far apart, the medium behaves like a Kerr-type material and the system exhibits what is called dispersive bistability. In this case the material can be modeled by an effective n2 or v (3), meaning that the refractive index becomes a nonlinear function of the optical intensity. The second configurationwewill examine is a linear-nonlinear interface. In this case, the interface provides the feedback due to refractive index mismatch. In fact, the reflection coefficient (as well as the transmission coefficient) is modified due to the nonlinearity, which, as we shall see later, is responsible for demonstrating optical switching and bistability.
We propose and report the first experimental demonstration of a new type of active optical bistable device composed of an optical cavity and a lasing medium with a pumping source of either optical or nonopticai means. The basic principle underlying the operation of the optical bistable laser (OBL) is based on the stable-unstable cavity configuration transition of an active optical resonator. Generally speaking, a laser system showing both pump- and laser-induced tensing (focusing or defocusing) effects may display such a hysteresis loop in its input-output characteristics. Optical bistability (OB) based on self-focusing of light in a medium having a nonlinear refractive index has recently been shown experimentally.1
Utilizing prism coupling of an argon laser beam into a nonlinear ZnS waveguide we have observed power-dependent optical bistability. We detuned the incidence angle by several linewidths from the optimal low power efficiency case. At this position we observed switching and hysteresis and verified the hysteresis loop to be bistable. The origin of the bistability we tentatively identified as a combination of intensity-dependent absorption and dispersion. Our conditions for bistability were different from those of W. Lukosz et al. in OPTICAL BISTABILITY III (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986), p. 109.
Traditional frequency domain optical bistability(FDOB) devices with hybrid electro-optical feedback have low response speed and high noise fluctuations.Hence,a novel tunable laser FDOB device with an all-optical feedback was developed using a nonlinear fiber ring resonator as the frequency feedback element.Parametric equations of optical bistability were established according to the system's response to nonlinear process and frequency-dependent feedback.Based on the parametric equations,the characteristics and controllable operations of FDOB were analyzed.The switching response speed of the optical bistability was discussed.The analysis showed that the proposed all-fiber laser bistability device can effectively achieve intensity-driven and gain-driven optical bistability.The position and shape of the bistability hysteresis curve vary with the adjustment of gain or loss in the fiber ring resonator,hence realizing the controlled all-optical bistability operations.Sudden jumping of optical bistability in the frequency domain can be applied to monitor laser wavelength shift and achieve sensoring.The optical bistability response time is in the nanosecond order of magnitude and bistability switching is ultrafast.