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Quantum Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part B

Nonlinear generation of 103 nm radiation with electromagnetically-induced transparency in atomic hydrogen

R. I. Thompson, Boris Peter Stoicheff, G Z Zhang, K. Hakuta

Published Aug 1, 1994• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Four-wave mixing in atomic hydrogen with the generation of coherent Lyman- beta radiation at 102.6 nm was investigated experimentally and theoretically in the low density limit. We demonstrate that in this doubly-resonant system, the application of intense laser radiation to strongly couple the 2s and 3p levels causes transparency in the 3p from 1s transition, leading to reduced absorption of the generated Lyman- beta radiation, and to increased conversion efficiency.

DOI
10.1088/0954-8998/6/4/012

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Effect of counterintuitive time delays in nonlinear mixing

R. I. Thompson, L. Marmet, Boris Peter Stoicheff

The effect of varying the relative arrival time of the two laser pulses employed in doubly resonant four-wave sum mixing, enhanced by induced transparency, is studied with the aim of optimizing the efficiency of vacuum-ultraviolet generation. With atomic hydrogen as the nonlinear medium, pulsed radiation with wavelengths of 243 and 656 nm and durations of 8 and 14 ns, respectively, is mixed to generate 103-nm coherent radiation. It is shown that by delaying the arrival time of the ground-state pump beam (243 nm) by 2.5-3.5 ns relative to the arrival of the upper-state coupling beam (656 nm), it is possible to enhance the generated intensity by a factor of 2 or more.

Optics Letters•Jan 15, 2000•9 citations
Four-wave mixing in atomic hydrogen with the generation of coherent Lyman- beta radiation at 102.6 nm was investigated experimentally and theoretically in the low density limit. We demonstrate that in this doubly-resonant system, the application of intense laser radiation to strongly couple the 2s and 3p levels causes transparency in the 3p from 1s transition, leading to reduced absorption of the generated Lyman- beta radiation, and to increased conversion efficiency.
Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically induced transparency is investigated experimentally as the generation of coherent Lyman-(Beta) radiation (103 nm) in atomic hydrogen. We demonstrate that with the application of a strong laser field to couple the 2 s and 3 p levels, the resonant Lyman-(Beta) transition becomes transparent, and the generated wave continues to grow without suffering resonant absorption. At a density-length product NL of 3 X 1015 cm-2, a conversion efficiency of 2 X 10-4 is obtained for the coherent 103 nm radiation.
The sum-frequency generation process using strong-field coupling and quantum interference is described systematically using atomic hydrogen both in theory and experiment. It is shown that strong coupling at the 3p-2s transition creates destructive interference to reduce the linear susceptibility at the resonant 3p\ensuremath{\leftarrow}1s transition. Simultaneously, two-photon coupling of the 2s and 1s states produces constructive interference to resonantly enhance the nonlinear susceptibility for sum-frequency generation at the 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s (Lyman-\ensuremath{\beta}) transition. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the theoretical predictions. When the Rabi frequency for the 3p-2s coupling exceeds the Doppler tail of the medium, the photoion signals on resonance are suppressed significantly because of induced transparency. The generated Lyman-\ensuremath{\beta} radiation grows rapidly by a factor of 250 at an atom density of 1015{10}^{15}1015 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ and interaction length of 3.5 cm, resulting in a conversion efficiency of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$.
Sum-frequency generation enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range 97.3--92.6 nm from $np\ensuremath{-}1s$ transitions (n=4−−8)(n=4--8)(n=4−−8) in atomic hydrogen. Pulsed radiation was generated by strong coupling of the np\mathrm{np}np and 2s2s2s levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the 2s2s2s and 1s1s1s levels by two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation. Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities and products of interaction length and atomic density (NL).(\mathrm{NL}).(NL). As the product NL\mathrm{NL}NL increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by EIT, and at high NL\mathrm{NL}NL values, the spectral distributions of some of the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in good agreement with the observed spectra.
The effect of varying the relative arrival time of the two laser pulses employed in doubly resonant four-wave sum mixing, enhanced by induced transparency, is studied with the aim of optimizing the efficiency of vacuum-ultraviolet generation. With atomic hydrogen as the nonlinear medium, pulsed radiation with wavelengths of 243 and 656 nm and durations of 8 and 14 ns, respectively, is mixed to generate 103-nm coherent radiation. It is shown that by delaying the arrival time of the ground-state pump beam (243 nm) by 2.5-3.5 ns relative to the arrival of the upper-state coupling beam (656 nm), it is possible to enhance the generated intensity by a factor of 2 or more.