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Physical Review A

Nonlinear generation of extreme-ultraviolet radiation in atomic hydrogen using electromagnetically induced transparency

G. Z. Zhang, Dennis W. Tokaryk, Boris Peter Stoicheff, K. Hakuta

Published Jul 1, 1997• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Sum-frequency generation enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range 97.3--92.6 nm from $np\ensuremath{-}1s$ transitions $(n=4--8)$ in atomic hydrogen. Pulsed radiation was generated by strong coupling of the $\mathrm{np}$ and $2s$ levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the $2s$ and $1s$ levels by two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation. Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities and products of interaction length and atomic density $(\mathrm{NL}).$ As the product $\mathrm{NL}$ increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by EIT, and at high $\mathrm{NL}$ values, the spectral distributions of some of the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in good agreement with the observed spectra.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.56.813

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Sum-frequency generation enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range 97.3--92.6 nm from np\ensuremath−1snp\ensuremath{-}1snp\ensuremath−1s transitions (n=4−−8)(n=4--8)(n=4−−8) in atomic hydrogen. Pulsed radiation was generated by strong coupling of the np\mathrm{np}np and 2s2s2s levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the 2s2s2s and 1s1s1s levels by two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation. Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities and products of interaction length and atomic density (NL).(\mathrm{NL}).(NL). As the product NL\mathrm{NL}NL increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by EIT, and at high NL\mathrm{NL}NL values, the spectral distributions of some of the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in good agreement with the observed spectra.
Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically induced transparency is investigated experimentally as the generation of coherent Lyman-(Beta) radiation (103 nm) in atomic hydrogen. We demonstrate that with the application of a strong laser field to couple the 2 s and 3 p levels, the resonant Lyman-(Beta) transition becomes transparent, and the generated wave continues to grow without suffering resonant absorption. At a density-length product NL of 3 X 1015 cm-2, a conversion efficiency of 2 X 10-4 is obtained for the coherent 103 nm radiation.
Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been examined in a hydrogen discharge. EIT is demonstrated in the $3p\ensuremath{-}1s$ and $4p\ensuremath{-}1s$ transitions at 102.6 and 97.3 nm, respectively, with increased efficiency of generation arising from higher H-atom density, although competing effects due to the presence of H2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}H2​ distort the line shapes of these spectra. Only for shorter-wavelength transitions (such as $7p\ensuremath{-}1s$ and $8p\ensuremath{-}1s)$ that show very large shifts and distortions is there a decrease in intensity in comparison with generated radiation from H atoms external to the discharge.
The generation of tunable, nanosecond-pulsed extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light (84.92nm(84.92\mathrm{nm}(84.92nm to 84.97nm84.97\mathrm{nm}84.97nm $\ensuremath{\sim}14.6\mathrm{eV})$ using four-wave mixing in optically deep krypton gas was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The sum-frequency mixing scheme generated light from two overlapping autoionizing resonances, ${17s}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${15d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. We investigated whether the laser-induced atomic coherence effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) could enhance the intensity of the EUV light generated. The maximum EUV output was seen from the region where the ${15d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ autoionizing resonance has a transparency window due to Fano-type quantum interference. An analytical model using appropriate atomic parameters explains how background absorption can prevent EIT enhancement of EUV generation; and shows how a background Raman-like coupling term in the nonlinear susceptibility can well describe the measured EUV generation spectrum.