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Nonlinear Optics

Slow-light sensors in optical gain media based on mutually-modulated cross-gain modulation

Shmuel Sternklar, Shalom Bloch, Alexander Lifshitz

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review the theory and applications of mutually-modulated cross-gain modulation (MMXGM) in optical gain media. MMXGM transforms changes in various physical parameters, such as optical wavelength, into modulation-phase changes with high sensitivity.
DOI
10.1364/nlo.2013.nw4a.41

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We analyze and implement mutually modulated cross-gain modulation (MMXGM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In this effect, optical wavelength changes are converted into modulation phase changes with high sensitivity and resolution. In the slow-light transition regime, we demonstrate picometer sensitivity to the optical wavelength. We analyze the spectroscopic performance of the SOA-based MMXGM and the previously developed Brillouin-based MMXGM techniques, and compare them to that of material-dispersion-enhanced, slow-light spectroscopy in a Brillouin amplifier.
The interaction of pump and Stokes light in a Brillouin medium, where both beams are modulated, can be utilized for controlling the group velocity of the amplified Stokes (or depleted pump). The dependence of the group velocity for this mutually-modulated cross-gain modulation (MMXGM) technique on the Brillouin gain parameter is studied. A sharp transition to slow light occurs in the G1α/β≈1 regime, where G1 is the Brillouin gain parameter, and α and β are the pump and Stokes modulation indices, respectively. A comparison of MMXGM slow light to the Brillouin dispersion-based slow-light technique reveals the fundamental differences between them. The formation of higher harmonics of the modulation frequency is also discussed. The theoretical predictions are experimentally corroborated and potential applications in fiber-based sensing and interferometry are discussed.
An extended theory of the mutually modulated cross-gain modulation was developed to make it valid under considerable modulated wavenumber-interaction length product. Parametric analysis of the extended theory shows that, in the modulated probe beam out of the gain medium, the spectral sensitivity of the first harmonic wave is associated with its amplitude. The larger the sensitivity is, the smaller the amplitude will be. An effective method was provided to monitor and achieve high spectral sensitivity at a pre-selected frequency detuning in practice. The validity of the extended theory was confirmed by a sensing experiment in a piece of ∼10-km fiber with 10 kHz modulation frequency, in which a fast light propagation with a sensitivity of 0.592 mrad/kHz was achieved.