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Optics Letters

Kilohertz laser frequency sensing with Brillouin mutually modulated cross-gain modulation

Shmuel Sternklar, Maxim Wart, Alexander Lifshitz, Shalom Bloch, Er’el Granot

Published Oct 18, 2011• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using mutually modulated cross-gain modulation, Stokes optical frequency changes are converted into modulation phase changes with high sensitivity. In the slow-light transition regime, we demonstrate kilohertz sensitivity to the Stokes optical carrier frequency. The sensitivity is inversely proportional to the modulation frequency of the pump and Stokes beams.

DOI
10.1364/ol.36.004161

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Using mutually modulated cross-gain modulation, Stokes optical frequency changes are converted into modulation phase changes with high sensitivity. In the slow-light transition regime, we demonstrate kilohertz sensitivity to the Stokes optical carrier frequency. The sensitivity is inversely proportional to the modulation frequency of the pump and Stokes beams.
The interaction of pump and Stokes light in a Brillouin medium, where both beams are modulated, can be utilized for controlling the group velocity of the amplified Stokes (or depleted pump). The dependence of the group velocity for this mutually-modulated cross-gain modulation (MMXGM) technique on the Brillouin gain parameter is studied. A sharp transition to slow light occurs in the G1α/β≈1 regime, where G1 is the Brillouin gain parameter, and α and β are the pump and Stokes modulation indices, respectively. A comparison of MMXGM slow light to the Brillouin dispersion-based slow-light technique reveals the fundamental differences between them. The formation of higher harmonics of the modulation frequency is also discussed. The theoretical predictions are experimentally corroborated and potential applications in fiber-based sensing and interferometry are discussed.
We analyze and implement mutually modulated cross-gain modulation (MMXGM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In this effect, optical wavelength changes are converted into modulation phase changes with high sensitivity and resolution. In the slow-light transition regime, we demonstrate picometer sensitivity to the optical wavelength. We analyze the spectroscopic performance of the SOA-based MMXGM and the previously developed Brillouin-based MMXGM techniques, and compare them to that of material-dispersion-enhanced, slow-light spectroscopy in a Brillouin amplifier.
An extended theory of the mutually modulated cross-gain modulation was developed to make it valid under considerable modulated wavenumber-interaction length product. Parametric analysis of the extended theory shows that, in the modulated probe beam out of the gain medium, the spectral sensitivity of the first harmonic wave is associated with its amplitude. The larger the sensitivity is, the smaller the amplitude will be. An effective method was provided to monitor and achieve high spectral sensitivity at a pre-selected frequency detuning in practice. The validity of the extended theory was confirmed by a sensing experiment in a piece of ∼10-km fiber with 10 kHz modulation frequency, in which a fast light propagation with a sensitivity of 0.592 mrad/kHz was achieved.
Slow light due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibers is a promising technique to realize all-optical data storage and synchronization. For delaying high-speed data, we demonstrate an approach to solve the problem of narrowband Brillouin gain by phase-modulating the Brillouin pump. The bit rate of the phase-modulating signal determines the Brillouin gain bandwidth. A 1.25-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero pseudorandom binary sequence data is delayed by 520 ps with a phase-modulated pump operating at 2.5-Gb/s bit rate. We have also observed the pattern-dependent delay and distortion of the data caused by the filtering characteristics of Brillouin amplification, and we have suppressed the distortion by detuning the carrier of the signal away from the Brillouin gain peak