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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

A simple nonlinear dissipative quantum evolution equation

Nicolas Gisin

Published Sep 1, 1981• 171 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The author has considered a nonlinear dissipative evolution equation that generalises the Schrodinger equation. In the corresponding evolution all the stationary states of the usual Schrodinger equation have a behaviour of semistable limit cycles, except the ground state which is stable. The model is applied to the spin- 1 / 2 and to the damped harmonic oscillator. For the latter it is shown that the coherent states remain coherent and evolve as in the corresponding classical problem.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/14/9/021

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The author has considered a nonlinear dissipative evolution equation that generalises the Schrodinger equation. In the corresponding evolution all the stationary states of the usual Schrodinger equation have a behaviour of semistable limit cycles, except the ground state which is stable. The model is applied to the spin- 1 / 2 and to the damped harmonic oscillator. For the latter it is shown that the coherent states remain coherent and evolve as in the corresponding classical problem.
Quantum systems interacting with a dissipative environment can effectively be described by a nonlinear modification of the Schrodinger equation. For some standard problems that possess analytical solutions, e.g. the free motion and the harmonic oscillator, also the nonlinear equation can be solved in a closed form and has Gaussian-shaped wave packet solutions. The equation determining the time-evolution of the wave-packet width is - already in the case of the usual conservative Schrodinger equation - nonlinear and provides the quantities that are necessary to construct the Green’s function for the respective system. The Green’s functions for the conservative and dissipative cases will be given explicitly in position and momentum space.
The author presents a quantum Langevin equation in the Schrodinger picture. The friction term is motivated by a natural generalisation of Wigner's theorem or, equivalently, of Dirac's superposition principle. The author applies the model to spin relaxation and to the Brownian motion of the harmonic oscillator. In both cases the state vectors evolve asymptotically to a distribution which has the Gibbs state as corresponding density matrix. It is shown that for any initial state, the harmonic oscillator tends to a coherent state.
We consider a model dissipative quantum-mechanical system realized by coupling a quantum oscillator to a semi-infinite classical string which serves as a means of energy transfer from the oscillator to the infinity and thus plays the role of a dissipative element. The coupling between the two -- quantum and classical -- parts of the compound system is treated in the spirit of the mean-field approximation and justification of the validity of such an approach is given. The equations of motion of the classical subsystem are solved explicitly and an effective dissipative Schrodinger equation for the quantum subsystem is obtained. The proposed formalism is illustrated by its application to two basic problems: the decay of the quasi-stationary state and the calculation of the nonlinear resonance line shape.
Schrödinger's equation can be considered as a diffusion equation with a diffusion coefficient β2=ℏ/2m. In this article, we explore the implications of this view. Rewriting the wave function in a polar form and transforming Schrödinger's equation into two real equations, we show that one of them reduces to the continuity equation, and the other, a nonlinear dynamical equation for the probability density. Considering these two equations as if they were the basic equations of quantum mechanics, we apply them to several one-dimensional quantum systems. We show the dispersive properties in the probability densities of stationary states of a particle in a rigid box and in harmonic potential; quasi-classical Gaussian probability densities of a free particle; and coherent states and squeezed states of the harmonic oscillator. We also present the soliton as a quantum mechanical representation of a free particle. We discuss the meaning of the diffusion coefficient β2 for each quantum system using a density plot.