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Physical Review E

Partition function zeros of the square-lattice Ising model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions

Seung‐Yeon Kim

Published Mar 22, 2010• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The distributions of the partition function zeros in the complex a=e2betaJ1 plane of the square-lattice Ising model with nearest-neighbor (J1) and next-nearest-neighbor (J2) interactions are investigated as a function of R=J2/J1. Starting from the well-known two-circle distribution of the zeros a=+/-1+sqrt[2]eitheta for R=0 , finally the partition function zeros lie on the unit circle a=eitheta for R=infinity . Between these two ends, the changes in the zero distributions are described. Using the partition function zeros, the critical point ac(R) and the thermal scaling exponent yt(R) are estimated for the Ising ferromagnet (equivalently, antiferromagnet) and superantiferromagnet. For the special case of R=1/2 , the possible implications of the zero distributions are also discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.81.031120

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The distributions of the partition function zeros in the complex a=e2betaJ1 plane of the square-lattice Ising model with nearest-neighbor (J1) and next-nearest-neighbor (J2) interactions are investigated as a function of R=J2/J1. Starting from the well-known two-circle distribution of the zeros a=+/-1+sqrt[2]eitheta for R=0 , finally the partition function zeros lie on the unit circle a=eitheta for R=infinity . Between these two ends, the changes in the zero distributions are described. Using the partition function zeros, the critical point ac(R) and the thermal scaling exponent yt(R) are estimated for the Ising ferromagnet (equivalently, antiferromagnet) and superantiferromagnet. For the special case of R=1/2 , the possible implications of the zero distributions are also discussed.
To study the relations between Yang-Lee's theory of the phase transitions and the distribution of the zeros of the partition functions in the antiferromagnetic case, the partition functions of finite (4×4 and 4×6) Ising model with the nearest and the next nearest neighbor interactions are calculated. The distributions of the zeros in the fugacity z plane of the partition function for various combinations of the values of J / k T - J '/ k T or tanh ( J /2 k T )-tanh ( J '/2 k T ) are investigated. The patterns of the distribution of the zeros show several types corresponding to ferromagnetic state, antiferromagnetic state and superantiferromagnetic state. In the antiferromagnetic ordered state the locus of the zeros is found to be nearly two concentric circles and to cross the positive real axis at two points z c and 1/ z c when the next neighbor ferromagnetic interaction is introduced. This means that our system shows the phase transitions at finite critical fields H c and - H c . The locus of zeros of Fisher's model of super-exchange antiferromagnet is also shown to cross the positive real axis at z c and 1/ z c below the Néel temperature.
We study the square-lattice Ising model with nearest-neighbor ( J 1 ) and next nearest-neighbor ( J 2 ) interactions, using the Wang–Landau Monte Carlo algorithm and the partition function zeros in the complex temperature plane (Fisher zeros). Here, the competition between J 1 and J 2 interactions is defined by the coupling ratio R = J 2 / J 1 . For J 2 > 0, the critical behavior is trivial and is the same as the square-lattice Ising model with only J 1 interaction. On the other hand, the new phase of superantiferromagnet appears for J 2 < 0. However, the nature of the transition into the superantiferromagnetic phase is still controversial in the literature. To resolve the controversy, we estimate the critical temperature T c ( R ) and thermal scaling exponent y t ( R ) from the Fisher zeros, as a function of R . The estimated values of T c ( R ) agree well with the results in the literature. We obtain the simple critical behavior with a fixed value of the thermal scaling exponent, y t ( R ) = 1, for and J 2 < 0 (Ising antiferromagnet). For and J 2 < 0 (Ising superantiferromagnet), however, it is shown that y t ( R ) continuously varies depending on R values, and the estimated values of y t ( R ) are clearly less than that of the first-order phase transition, y t = 2.
The loci of zeros of the partition functions of the following one dimensional Ising models are obtained, (i) Those of S = 1 / 2 and with the nearest (J) and the next nearest (J') neighbour interactions. The loci of zeros are classified in several patterns according to a combination of J and J'. In particular when J<0 and J'>0, the existence of two nearly concentric circular arcs whose heads approach points on the positive real axis of z corresponding to the critical field at zero temperature is confirmed. This suggests that the locus of the two and three dimensional Ising antiferromagnet (J<0, J'>0) will be closed two concentric circles below the Neel temperature. (ii) Those of S=1 and of S= 3 / 2 with the nearest neighbour (J) interaction. The locus shrinks to 25 points ( theta = 2 pi j/(2S+1), J=1,2,...,2S) on the unit circle at T = infinity . It extends along the unit circle for J>0 and along a nearly radial direction for J<0 when the temperature decreases.
There exists the famous circle theorem on the Yang-Lee zeros of the ferromagnetic Ising model. However, the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model are much less well understood than those of the ferromagnetic model. The precise distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model only with nearest-neighbor interaction J on LxL square lattices is determined as a function of temperature a=e(2betaJ) (J<0), and its relation to the phase transitions is investigated. In the thermodynamic limit (L-->infinity), the distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model cuts the positive real axis in the complex x=e(-2betaH) plane, resulting in the critical magnetic field +/-H(c)(a), where H(c)>0 below the critical temperature a(c)=square root of 2-1. The results suggest that the value of the scaling exponent y(h) is 1 along the critical line for a<a(c).
We obtain an approximation of the phase diagram of an Ising model with both nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor interactions on the square lattice. We use the Fisher zeros of the partition functions of a sequence of finite-sized systems along with various extrapolation methods to obtain phase transition points. In addition, we obtain an approximate value of the correlation length critical exponent nu. Our results are compared to previous results for this system using a wide variety of other approaches.
Zero distributions of the partition function for a Ising model of 6×6 square lattice with the first ( J 1 ) and the second ( J 2 ) neighbor interactions and loci of the zeros of that for 4×∞ lattice are obtained. From the results of the present and previous studies, the followings are concluded. The locus of the Ising model at low temperature is a unit circle when J 1 >0 and J 1 +2 J 2 >0; dual circles when J 1 <0 and J 2 >0, (or J 1 >0 and J 2 <0) and in the region of the first order transition; dual loops with cusps when J 1 <0, J 2 >0 and in the region of the second order transition; four-fold loops with negative real tail when J 1 <0 and J 2 >0. Loci of zeros for the hard core lattice gas of 6×∞ lattice with and without the second neighbor interaction are also obtained. The locus of the hard core lattice gas with attraction is nearly a circle below the tricritical temperature, and a loop with a cusp above the tricritical temperature. Apparent contradictions to the Yang-Lee theory observed in earlier stages disappear.