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Physical Review Letters

Yang-Lee Zeros of the Antiferromagnetic Ising Model

Seung‐Yeon Kim

Published Sep 23, 2004• 68 citations
Publisher

Abstract

There exists the famous circle theorem on the Yang-Lee zeros of the ferromagnetic Ising model. However, the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model are much less well understood than those of the ferromagnetic model. The precise distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model only with nearest-neighbor interaction J on LxL square lattices is determined as a function of temperature a=e(2betaJ) (J<0), and its relation to the phase transitions is investigated. In the thermodynamic limit (L-->infinity), the distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model cuts the positive real axis in the complex x=e(-2betaH) plane, resulting in the critical magnetic field +/-H(c)(a), where H(c)>0 below the critical temperature a(c)=square root of 2-1. The results suggest that the value of the scaling exponent y(h) is 1 along the critical line for a<a(c).

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.93.130604

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There exists the famous circle theorem on the Yang-Lee zeros of the ferromagnetic Ising model. However, the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model are much less well understood than those of the ferromagnetic model. The precise distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model only with nearest-neighbor interaction J on LxL square lattices is determined as a function of temperature a=e(2betaJ) (J<0), and its relation to the phase transitions is investigated. In the thermodynamic limit (L-->infinity), the distribution of the Yang-Lee zeros of the antiferromagnetic Ising model cuts the positive real axis in the complex x=e(-2betaH) plane, resulting in the critical magnetic field +/-H(c)(a), where H(c)>0 below the critical temperature a(c)=square root of 2-1. The results suggest that the value of the scaling exponent y(h) is 1 along the critical line for a<a(c).
We study Yang-Lee zeros as they approach the thermodynamic limit of the two-dimensional (2D) nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic Ising model on square and triangular lattices. We employ the numerical linked cluster expansion (NLCE) equipped with exact enumeration (EE) of the partition function to estimate the Laplacian of the free energy, which is proportional to the zeros density. Using a modified NLCE, where the expansion can be carried directly on the Yang-Lee zeros of the involved clusters, we estimate the density of Yang-Lee zeros in the thermodynamic limit. NLCE gives significantly more zeros than EE in the complex field plane providing more insights on how the root curves look in the thermodynamic limit. For the square lattice at $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{c}$, the results suggest that two vertical lines at $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{h}_{c}(T)$ in the complex field plane (i.e., two concentric circles in the complex fugacity plane) are the thermodynamic root curves. A similar picture is found for the triangular lattice for phase transitions at large values of magnetic field while further study is needed for phase transitions at smaller values of magnetic field. The convergence of the NLCE and (EE) calculations of the partition function to the thermodynamic limit is studied in both lattices and the temperature-field phase diagram is obtained from Yang-Lee zeros using both methods. This NLCE-based approach will facilitate the study of different types of phase transitions using Yang-Lee zeros in future research.
We revisit the somewhat less studied problem of Yang-Lee zeros of the Ising antiferromagnet. For this purpose, we study two models, the nearest-neighbor model on a square lattice and the more tractable mean-field model corresponding to infinite-ranged coupling between all sites. In the high-temperature limit, we show that the logarithm of the Yang-Lee zeros can be written as a series in half odd integer powers of the inverse temperature, k, with the leading term ∼k^{1/2}. This result is true in any dimension and for arbitrary lattices. We also show that the coefficients of the expansion satisfy simple identities (akin to sum rules) for the nearest-neighbor case. These identities are verified numerically by computing the exact partition function for a two-dimensional square lattice of size 16×16. For the mean-field model, we write down the partition function (termed the mean-field polynomials) for the ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) cases and derive from them the mean-field equations. We analytically show that at high temperatures the zeros of the AFM mean-field polynomial scale as ∼k^{1/2} as well. Using a simple numerical method, we find the roots lie on certain curves (the root curves), in the thermodynamic limit for the mean-field polynomials for the AFM case as well as for the FM one. Our results show a new root curve that was not found earlier. Our results also clearly illustrate the phase transition expected for the FM and AFM cases, in the language of Yang-Lee zeros. Moreover, for the AFM case, we observe that the root curves separate two distinct phases of zero and nonzero complex staggered magnetization, and thus depict a complex phase boundary.
To study the relations between Yang-Lee's theory of the phase transitions and the distribution of the zeros of the partition functions in the antiferromagnetic case, the partition functions of finite (4×4 and 4×6) Ising model with the nearest and the next nearest neighbor interactions are calculated. The distributions of the zeros in the fugacity z plane of the partition function for various combinations of the values of J / k T - J '/ k T or tanh ( J /2 k T )-tanh ( J '/2 k T ) are investigated. The patterns of the distribution of the zeros show several types corresponding to ferromagnetic state, antiferromagnetic state and superantiferromagnetic state. In the antiferromagnetic ordered state the locus of the zeros is found to be nearly two concentric circles and to cross the positive real axis at two points z c and 1/ z c when the next neighbor ferromagnetic interaction is introduced. This means that our system shows the phase transitions at finite critical fields H c and - H c . The locus of zeros of Fisher's model of super-exchange antiferromagnet is also shown to cross the positive real axis at z c and 1/ z c below the Néel temperature.
From the exact partition functions of the Ising model on L x L square lattices (up to L = 14) in an arbitrary nonzero external magnetic field H, the precise distributions of the Fisher zeros in the complex temperature (a = e(2betaJ)) plane are obtained. Our results indicate that in the limit L-->infinity the Fisher zeros for H not = 0 do cut the positive real axis at the antiferromagnetic critical point ac(H); these values are compared with the results of closed-form approximations for the antiferromagnetic critical line. From the Fisher zeros the thermal scaling exponent yt = 1 is also obtained along the critical line, indicating the logarithmic singularity of the specific heat for the antiferromagnetic Ising model even in a strong uniform magnetic field.
The distribution of Yang-Lee zeros in the ferromagnetic Ising model in both two and three dimensions is studied on the complex field plane directly in the thermodynamic limit via the tensor network methods. The partition function is represented as a contraction of a tensor network and is efficiently evaluated with an iterative tensor renormalization scheme. The free-energy density and the magnetization are computed on the complex field plane. Via the discontinuity of the magnetization, the density of the Yang-Lee zeros is obtained to lie on the unit circle, consistent with the Lee-Yang circle theorem. Distinct features are observed at different temperatures---below, above, and at the critical temperature. Application of the tensor network approach is also made to the qqq-state Potts models in both two and three dimensions and a previous debate on whether, in the thermodynamic limit, the Yang-Lee zeros lie on a unit circle for q>2q>2q>2 is resolved: they clearly do not lie on a unit circle except at the zero temperature. For the Potts models (q=3,4,5,6)(q=3,4,5,6)(q=3,4,5,6) investigated in two dimensions, as the temperature is lowered the radius of the zeros at a fixed angle from the real axis shrinks exponentially towards unity with the inverse temperature.
The Lee-Yang circle theorem revolutionized our understanding of phase transitions in ferromagnetic systems by showing that the complex zeros of partition functions lie on the unit circle, with criticality arising as these zeros approach the real axis in the thermodynamic limit. However, in frustrated systems such as antiferromagnets and spin glasses, the zeros deviate from this structure, making it challenging to extend the Lee-Yang theory to disordered systems. In this work, we establish a new circle theorem for two-dimensional Ising spin glasses, proving that the square of the partition function exhibits zeros densely packed along the unit circle. Numerical simulations on the square lattice confirm our theoretical predictions, demonstrating the validity of the circle law for quenched disorder. Furthermore, our results uncover a finite-temperature crossover in ±J\pm J±J spin glasses, characterized by the emergence of a spectral gap in the angular distribution of zeros. This result extends the Lee-Yang framework to disordered systems, offering new insights into spin-glass criticality.