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Superconductor Science and Technology

Modified fabrication of planar sub-µm superconductor–normal metal–superconductor Josephson junctions for use in a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer

Daniel Hagedorn, Oliver Kieler, R. Dolata, Ralf Behr, F Müller, J. Kohlmann, J. Niemeyer

Published Feb 13, 2006• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Modified fabrication of planar sub-µm superconductor–normal metal–superconductor Josephson junctions for use in a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer, Hagedorn, D, Kieler, O, Dolata, R, Behr, R, Müller, F, Kohlmann, J, Niemeyer, J
DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/19/4/009

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Sub-μm\mu{\rm m}μm SNS Josephson Junction Arrays for the Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer
The experimental set-up of a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS) has been further optimized to generate AC voltages with fundamental accuracy. Josephson junction series arrays for the JAWS, consisting of sub-mum SNS type junctions (superconductor-normal conductor-superdonductor), are fabricated using a technology which combines electron-beam lithography and chemical-mechanical polishing. Bipolar pulses are realized by the superposition of unipolar pulses from a pulse pattern generator and a continuous sinusoidal microwave provided by a signal generator. A second-order delta-sigma modulator is optimized to generate a high-quality pulse code.
Programmable Josephson voltage standards for output voltages up to 10 V have been realized. Binary-divided series arrays consisting of 69 632 overdamped SINIS Josephson junctions have been fabricated using reliable Nb-Al/Al2O3technology (S: superconductor, I: insulator, N: normal metal). Series arrays of about 1000 SNS Josephson junctions were realized as lumped arrays for applications in the Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS). We suggest a novel scheme for combining the higher voltages generated by the binary-divided arrays with the frequency spectral characteristics of the JAWS, in order to optimize the frequency spectrum of the generated ac voltages
Superconductor-normal metal-superconductor(SNS) Josephson junction series arrays are developed and investigated for applications in the Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS). The series arrays contain up to about 10 000 junctions arranged in a meanderlike design. AC voltages and arbitrary waveforms are synthesized by operation of the Josephson junctions by short current pulses. Higher harmonics are at least 110 dB below the fundamental. To verify the generated waveforms, a spectrum analyzer that has initially been calibrated using a binary-divided programmable Josephson voltage standard is used.