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Physical Review Letters

Generation of Narrow-Band Hyperentangled Nondegenerate Paired Photons

Hui Yan, Shanchao Zhang, J. F. Chen, M. M. T. Loy, George K. Wong, Shengwang Du

Published Jan 21, 2011• 109 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report the generation of nondegenerate narrow-bandwidth paired photons with time-frequency and polarization entanglements from laser cooled atoms. We observe the two-photon interference caused by Rabi splitting with a coherence time of about 30 ns and a visibility of 81.8% which verifies the time-frequency entanglement of the paired photons. The polarization entanglement is confirmed by polarization correlation measurements which exhibit a visibility of 89.5% and characterized by quantum-state tomography with a fidelity of 90.8%. Taking into account the transmission losses and duty cycle, we estimate that the system generates hyperentangled paired photons into opposing single-mode fibers at a rate of 320 pairs per second.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.106.033601

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We report the generation of nondegenerate narrow-bandwidth paired photons with time-frequency and polarization entanglements from laser cooled atoms. We observe the two-photon interference caused by Rabi splitting with a coherence time of about 30 ns and a visibility of 81.8% which verifies the time-frequency entanglement of the paired photons. The polarization entanglement is confirmed by polarization correlation measurements which exhibit a visibility of 89.5% and characterized by quantum-state tomography with a fidelity of 90.8%. Taking into account the transmission losses and duty cycle, we estimate that the system generates hyperentangled paired photons into opposing single-mode fibers at a rate of 320 pairs per second.
Hyperentanglement, the simultaneous and independent entanglement of quantum particles in multiple degrees of freedom, is a powerful resource that can be harnessed for efficient quantum information processing. In photonic systems, the two degrees of freedom (DOFs) often used to carry quantum and classical information are polarization and frequency, thanks to their robustness in transmission, both in free space and in optical fibers. Telecom-band hyperentangled photons generated in optical fibers are of particular interest because they are compatible with existing fiber-optic infrastructure and can be distributed over fiber networks with minimal loss. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of telecom-band biphotons hyperentangled in both the polarization and frequency DOFs using a periodically poled silica fiber and observe entanglement concurrences above 0.95 for both polarization and frequency DOFs. Furthermore, by concatenating a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference test for frequency entanglement and full state tomography for polarization entanglement in a single experiment, we can demonstrate simultaneous entanglement in both the polarization and frequency DOFs. The states produced by our hyperentanglement source can enable protocols such as dense coding and high-dimensional quantum key distribution.
We propose a scheme to efficiently generate time-frequency and polarization-entangled photon pairs with cold atomic ensembles via spontaneous four-wave mixing through combining the photon pairs from two symmetrical spatial modes by polarization beam splitters. With a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap, polarization-entangled photon pairs with controllable temporal length (>100 ns) can be generated at the rate of about 105 per second after taking into account all losses. Therefore, it is a feasible photon source for scalable linear optical quantum computation and long-distance quantum communication.
In quantum communication and photonic quantum information processing, the requirement of quantum repeaters and quantum memory often imposes a strict bandwidth prerequisite for the entangled photons. At the same time, there is ever more increasing demand for entangling more degrees of freedom, i.e., hyperentanglement, for a photon pair. In this Letter, we report the direct generation of narrow-band orbital angular momentum (OAM) and polarization hyperentangled photons from cold atoms. The narrow-band photon pair is naturally entangled in polarization and OAM, in addition to time-frequency, degrees of freedom due to spin and orbital angular momentum conservation conditions in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a cold atom ensemble. The narrow-band hyperentangled photon pair source reported here is expected to play important roles in quantum memory-based long-distance quantum communication.
We observe narrow band pairs of time-correlated photons of wavelengths 776 and 795 nm from nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a laser-cooled atomic ensemble of ^{87}Rb using a cascade decay scheme. Coupling the photon pairs into single mode fibers, we observe an instantaneous rate of 7700 pairs per second with silicon avalanche photodetectors, and an optical bandwidth below 30 MHz. Detection events exhibit a strong correlation in time [g((2))(τ = 0) ≈ 5800] and a high coupling efficiency indicated by a pair-to-single ratio of 23%. The violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality by a factor of 8.4 × 10(6) indicates a strong nonclassical correlation between the generated fields, while a Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment in the individual photons reveals their thermal nature. The comparison between the measured frequency bandwidth and 1/e decay time of g((2)) indicates a transform-limited spectrum of the photon pairs. The narrow bandwidth and brightness of our source makes it ideal for interacting with atomic ensembles in quantum communication protocols.