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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Controllable surface electrostatic velocity filter for polar molecules

Shunyong Hou, Qin Lin Wang, Lianzhong Deng, Jianping Yin

Published Jun 26, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a scheme of a surface electrostatic velocity filter capable of preparing cold polar molecules on the surface of a substrate by selecting a low-velocity component of an effusive beam from a thermal gas reservoir. Using ND3 as a molecular sample, the dependence of the performance of the filter on the parameters of both the filter setup and the incident molecular beam is investigated by using a theoretical model and Monte Carlo simulations. A detailed study of the guiding process of molecules, including the evolution of phase space density of the packet in the filter, is carried out and shows that the beam selection process is mainly completed in the front part of the filter.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/46/14/145303

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We propose a scheme of a surface electrostatic velocity filter capable of preparing cold polar molecules on the surface of a substrate by selecting a low-velocity component of an effusive beam from a thermal gas reservoir. Using ND3 as a molecular sample, the dependence of the performance of the filter on the parameters of both the filter setup and the incident molecular beam is investigated by using a theoretical model and Monte Carlo simulations. A detailed study of the guiding process of molecules, including the evolution of phase space density of the packet in the filter, is carried out and shows that the beam selection process is mainly completed in the front part of the filter.
A scheme of surface manipulation and control of polar molecules is proposed, which combines three tools of electrostatic velocity filtering, bunching, and storing. In the scheme, a slow molecular beam is produced from an effusive beam by surface velocity filtering. Then the velocity spread of the slow molecular beam is compressed by a buncher consisting of a series of electrodes. Following that the molecular beam with a narrow velocity spread is stored in a storage ring. Using ND 3 molecule as a tester, the feasibility of our scheme is analyzed theoretically and verified via numerical simulations that cover all three manipulation processes. The results show that cold molecular samples can be prepared from a thermal gas reservoir and stored in the storage ring with more than 10 round trips. Our combined scheme facilitates the production and manipulation of polar molecules, offering new opportunities for basic research and intriguing applications such as quantum information science and cold collisions.
We demonstrate an electrostatic surface guiding for cold polar molecules over a long distance of 44.5 cm, 0.85 mm above a dielectric substrate, and measure the transverse distribution of the guided supersonic D2O/CH3Br beam and its longitudinal velocity one. Also, we study the dependence of the relative guiding efficiency and the transverse temperature of the guided molecular beam on the guiding voltage, and show that the absolute guiding efficiencies from the Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical calculation multiplied by 3 are about equal to the measured relative one.
Electrostatic velocity filtering is a technique for the production of continuous guided beams of slow polar molecules from a thermal gas. We extended this technique to produce pulses of slow molecules with a narrow velocity distribution around a tunable velocity. The pulses are generated by sequentially switching the voltages on adjacent segments of an electric quadrupole guide synchronously with the molecules propagating at the desired velocity. This technique is demonstrated for deuterated ammonia (ND3{}_{3}3​), delivering pulses with a velocity in the range of $20\ensuremath{-}100$ m/s and a relative velocity spread of $(16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)%$ at full width at half maximum. At velocities around 606060 m/s, the pulses contain up to 106{10}^{6}106 molecules each. The data are well reproduced by Monte Carlo simulations, which provide useful insight into the mechanisms of velocity selection.
In order to meet the demands for laser manipulations and detection of cold molecules, we propose an optically accessible and controllable electrostatic surface storage ring for cold polar molecules on a chip, which is one based on extension and application of the three-wire surface guiding scheme [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B25, 1214 (2008)]. To our knowledge, this is the first real surface storage ring scheme. The spatial distribution of the electrostatic fields generated by two insulator-embedded charged rings and a grounded conductor plate is numerically calculated. Relationships between the height of the trap center above the surface and the setup parameters are analyzed in detail. Using OH radical molecules as a tester, the range of molecular velocities that the storage ring can confine is investigated. The dynamical process of weak-field-seeking OH molecules of state |J,KM〉=|3/2,−9/4〉 being loaded into and confined in the storage ring is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Dependencies of translational temperature of molecules and their trapping efficiency in the storage ring on parameters of the setup and the initial molecular beam are examined. By incorporating a bunching function into our scheme, the number of round trips a trapped molecular packet makes can be improved by almost three times before getting spread out to fill the whole storage ring, as confirmed by numerical simulations.
The interaction of polar molecules with an inhomogeneous, electrostatic field to filter molecules from an effusive room-temperature source is exploited to create a slow molecule beam. Whether a dipolar molecule is trapped in or expelled from the electric field minimum depends on the orientation of the molecular dipole with respect to the electric field. These molecules are called low and high-field seekers, respectively. Thus, an electric field configuration with a field minimum on axis acts as a 2-dimensional trap for low-field seeking molecules with small transverse velocity components. A linear quadrupolar is opted, which is one of the simplest suitable geometries. The longitudinal velocity is limited by a bent section, where the centripetal force due to the radius of curvature and electric field gradient guide only the slowest molecules around the bend.
We propose a scheme to guide and funnel cold polar molecules above the surface of an insulating substrate (i.e., a molecular chip) using an electrostatic field generated by the combination of three parallel charged wires. We calculate the spatial distributions of the electric fields from the above charged-wire layout and their Stark potential for cold CO molecules, and analyze the relationships between the electric field and the geometric parameters of our charged-wire system. Also, we calculate and study the straight and bent guiding efficiency of cold polar molecules (including the guiding efficiency in our molecular funnel) by Monte Carlo simulation. Our study shows that the proposed charged-wire scheme can be used to realize the controllable surface guiding of cold polar molecules in the weak-field-seeking state on a chip, and form various integrated molecular optical elements, even to generate a continous wave cold molecular beam on a chip. In addition, our theoretically calculated results are in good agreement with ones of Monte Carlo simulation, and the guiding efficiency in our molecular funnel can be higher than 90%.