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Physical Review Letters

Electrostatic Surface Guiding for Cold Polar Molecules: Experimental Demonstration

Yong Xia, Yaling Yin, Haibo Chen, Lianzhong Deng, Jianping Yin

Published Jan 31, 2008• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate an electrostatic surface guiding for cold polar molecules over a long distance of 44.5 cm, 0.85 mm above a dielectric substrate, and measure the transverse distribution of the guided supersonic D2O/CH3Br beam and its longitudinal velocity one. Also, we study the dependence of the relative guiding efficiency and the transverse temperature of the guided molecular beam on the guiding voltage, and show that the absolute guiding efficiencies from the Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical calculation multiplied by 3 are about equal to the measured relative one.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.100.043003

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We demonstrate an electrostatic surface guiding for cold polar molecules over a long distance of 44.5 cm, 0.85 mm above a dielectric substrate, and measure the transverse distribution of the guided supersonic D2O/CH3Br beam and its longitudinal velocity one. Also, we study the dependence of the relative guiding efficiency and the transverse temperature of the guided molecular beam on the guiding voltage, and show that the absolute guiding efficiencies from the Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical calculation multiplied by 3 are about equal to the measured relative one.
We demonstrate electrostatic guiding of cold heavy water (D(2)O) molecules over a distance of 44.5 cm by using a quadrupolelike electrostatic field, which is generated by the combination of two parallel charged poles and two grounded metal plates. We measure the transverse spatial distribution of the guided D(2)O molecular beam and study the dependence of the relative guiding efficiency and the transverse temperature of the guided molecular beam on the guiding voltage. Our study shows that the maximum guiding efficiency of approximately 50% can be obtained, and our experimental results are in good agreement with ones of theoretical calculation and Monte Carlo simulations, and this guiding scheme has some potential applications in molecule optics, such as molecular-beam splitter, integrated molecular optics, etc.
We demonstrate a controllable highly efficient electrostatic surface guide for ND3{}_{3}3​ molecules in the weak-field-seeking states on a ceramic substrate over a distance of 840 mm, and study the dependences of the relative molecule number (or the overall transmission efficiency) of our single-wire guide and the guiding-center positions on the guiding voltages, both experimentally and theoretically. Our study shows that the guiding-center position and the number of the guided molecules can be easily controlled by adjusting the guiding voltages, and find that an overall transmission efficiency of higher than 50% in a single quantum state can be obtained. Our experimental results are consistent with ones of Monte Carlo simulations. Also, we discuss the transverse velocity filtering effect and the acceptance of the guided molecules in four-dimensional phase space. Both the transmission efficiency and the acceptance in two-dimensional position space are higher than that in our previous two-wire guide [Y. Xia, Y. Yin, H. Chen, L. Deng, and J. Yin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 043003 (2008)].
We propose a scheme of a surface electrostatic velocity filter capable of preparing cold polar molecules on the surface of a substrate by selecting a low-velocity component of an effusive beam from a thermal gas reservoir. Using ND3 as a molecular sample, the dependence of the performance of the filter on the parameters of both the filter setup and the incident molecular beam is investigated by using a theoretical model and Monte Carlo simulations. A detailed study of the guiding process of molecules, including the evolution of phase space density of the packet in the filter, is carried out and shows that the beam selection process is mainly completed in the front part of the filter.
We propose a scheme to guide and funnel cold polar molecules above the surface of an insulating substrate (i.e., a molecular chip) using an electrostatic field generated by the combination of three parallel charged wires. We calculate the spatial distributions of the electric fields from the above charged-wire layout and their Stark potential for cold CO molecules, and analyze the relationships between the electric field and the geometric parameters of our charged-wire system. Also, we calculate and study the straight and bent guiding efficiency of cold polar molecules (including the guiding efficiency in our molecular funnel) by Monte Carlo simulation. Our study shows that the proposed charged-wire scheme can be used to realize the controllable surface guiding of cold polar molecules in the weak-field-seeking state on a chip, and form various integrated molecular optical elements, even to generate a continous wave cold molecular beam on a chip. In addition, our theoretically calculated results are in good agreement with ones of Monte Carlo simulation, and the guiding efficiency in our molecular funnel can be higher than 90%.
We propose a controllable surface guiding scheme for cold polar molecules by using four charged wires embedded in the substrate and calculate the spatial distributions of the electrostatic field. We analyze the relationship between the maximum trapping electric field (including the efficient well depth) and the system parameters, and we study the straight and bent guiding efficiencies of cold polar molecules in the weak-field-seeking state by using a simple theoretical model and Monte Carlo simulation. We show that the proposed four-wire scheme can be used to realize the manipulation and control of cold polar molecules in our surface guide on a chip and form a variety of molecule optics elements.