Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Optics Letters

Phase-modulated conjugate-wave generation in ruby

Hirsch I. Mandelberg

Published Jun 1, 1980• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Phase-modulation experiments have been performed in a degenerate four-wave mixing geometry in ruby at modulation rates faster than the relaxation rate of the ruby. The dc value of the conjugate-wave signal is measured as a function of modulation amplitude and type; the results are explainable in terms of a blurred-hologram analogy. The time-dependent behavior of the conjugate-wave signal shows frequency doubling, which is also explained in terms of a real-time hologram model.

DOI
10.1364/ol.5.000258

Related papers

Fidelity of optical phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in semiconductor glasses and ruby

Solomon M. Saltiel, B. Van Wonterghem, Dimitri A. Parthenopoulos +2 more

The fidelity of phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in ruby and semiconductor-doped glasses has been measured by means of our own modified Twyman–Green interferometer [Opt. Lett. 14, 183 (1989)] implementing two phase conjugate mirrors. It is shown that the fidelity of phase conjugators with an OG530 color filter as the nonlinear medium reaches a value of 99%. The fidelity of ruby is also reported. Additionally the effect of the recording system on the value of the fidelity is discussed.

Applied Physics Letters•May 8, 1989•6 citations

Optical phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing: spatial and temporal aspects

M.L. Roblin, C. Joubert, Herve Coic +2 more

We describe an experiment in phase conjugation using holographic degenerate four-wave mixing with picosecond pulses. Spatial and temporal distortions are simultaneously introduced on the probe beam, respectively, by a ground glass and a Gires-Tournois interferometer. We experimentally show that after it recrosses the ground glass we obtain a time reversed pulse on the reconstructed beam. Its temporal shape is the same as that without the ground glass. We theoretically discuss this result and show that in our configuration the temporal effect depends only on the hologram dimension parallel to the direction of propagation of the beam, while the spatial phase conjugation is related to the dimensions in the perpendicular plane.

Pure and Applied Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part A•Jan 1, 1994•2 citations

Continuous-wave backward-wave generation by degenerate four-wave mixing in ruby

P. F. Liao, D. M. Bloom

This is the first reported demonstration of cw wavefront conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in a solid. Conversion efficiencies of 3% for conjugate-wave generation were obtained in a ruby crystal using a cw argon-ion laser.

Optics Letters•Jul 1, 1978•112 citations

Temporal development of phase conjugation in ruby by degenerate four-wave mixing

Simon Boothroyd, Christopher G. Morgan

The behaviour of phase conjugated waves produced by degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) at 488.0 and 514.5 nm of laser beams in ruby crystals has been examined at large pulsed pump beam intensities and enhanced reflectivities observed.

Journal of Physics D Applied Physics•Aug 14, 1983•12 citations

Overview of optical phase conjugation

B. Ya. Zel’dovich

Summary form only given. In this tallk I will try to supplement what I learned in the field. Here are the topics to be touched on. The order is not historical, but serves a tutorial purpose. 1. Time reversibility (TR) of optical wave propagation. 2. Mathematical description of TR in terms of complex amplitudes and complex conjugate amplitudes. 3. Static holography by real and conjugate images. 4.Static holography: illumination by counterpropagating reference waves at the recording and reconstruction stages. 5. Dynamic holography/four-wave mixing for phase conjugation (R. Hellwarth, A. Yariv, Yariv-Pepper instability. 6. Delayed and hidden holograms, photon echoes, electro-acoustic echoes. 7. Two-photon coherence, fast nonlinearities and three-wave mixing via X(2) nonlinearity. 8. Yet unrealized: Bragg (periodic domain). Time-domain phase conjugation: reversal of chirp and compensation of the dispersion spread in fibers. 10. Why a laser may (and may not) oscillate at a single transverse mode: discrimination of gain/loss. 11. Phase conjugation via stimulated Brillouin scattering (V.V. Ragulsky; V.V. Shkunov). 12. Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing for phase conjugation, ten to the tenth power amplification of the image (G.A. Pasmanik). 13. Photorefractive crystals: nonlinear response at low intensity at a cost of long build-up time. 14. Double phase conjugation 15. Feinberg's cat and cat conjugator.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 1998•0 citations

Picosecond Phase Conjugation By Degenerate Four Wave Mixing In Alkali Vapours - A Method For Measuring Perturbation Times Of The Atomic Wavefunctions

A.C. Cefalas, S. M. Spyrou, Cleanthis A. Nicolaides

Phase conjugated waves via degenerate four wave mixing with picosecond laser pulses having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 80 ps have been observed in alcali vapours. The dephasing time of the 2P3/2 state in sodium was found to be 7.4 ns. This is the lifetime of the transient volume grating of the atomic states which are involved in the phase conjugated experiment. The average time of the perturbation of the atomic wave functions due to a "hot" collision (from a frequency modulation of a Markov type) was found to be 5x10-14 sec.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Jun 20, 1989•0 citations
Phase-modulation experiments have been performed in a degenerate four-wave mixing geometry in ruby at modulation rates faster than the relaxation rate of the ruby. The dc value of the conjugate-wave signal is measured as a function of modulation amplitude and type; the results are explainable in terms of a blurred-hologram analogy. The time-dependent behavior of the conjugate-wave signal shows frequency doubling, which is also explained in terms of a real-time hologram model.
The fidelity of phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in ruby and semiconductor-doped glasses has been measured by means of our own modified Twyman–Green interferometer [Opt. Lett. 14, 183 (1989)] implementing two phase conjugate mirrors. It is shown that the fidelity of phase conjugators with an OG530 color filter as the nonlinear medium reaches a value of 99%. The fidelity of ruby is also reported. Additionally the effect of the recording system on the value of the fidelity is discussed.
We describe an experiment in phase conjugation using holographic degenerate four-wave mixing with picosecond pulses. Spatial and temporal distortions are simultaneously introduced on the probe beam, respectively, by a ground glass and a Gires-Tournois interferometer. We experimentally show that after it recrosses the ground glass we obtain a time reversed pulse on the reconstructed beam. Its temporal shape is the same as that without the ground glass. We theoretically discuss this result and show that in our configuration the temporal effect depends only on the hologram dimension parallel to the direction of propagation of the beam, while the spatial phase conjugation is related to the dimensions in the perpendicular plane.
Summary form only given. In this tallk I will try to supplement what I learned in the field. Here are the topics to be touched on. The order is not historical, but serves a tutorial purpose. 1. Time reversibility (TR) of optical wave propagation. 2. Mathematical description of TR in terms of complex amplitudes and complex conjugate amplitudes. 3. Static holography by real and conjugate images. 4.Static holography: illumination by counterpropagating reference waves at the recording and reconstruction stages. 5. Dynamic holography/four-wave mixing for phase conjugation (R. Hellwarth, A. Yariv, Yariv-Pepper instability. 6. Delayed and hidden holograms, photon echoes, electro-acoustic echoes. 7. Two-photon coherence, fast nonlinearities and three-wave mixing via X(2) nonlinearity. 8. Yet unrealized: Bragg (periodic domain). Time-domain phase conjugation: reversal of chirp and compensation of the dispersion spread in fibers. 10. Why a laser may (and may not) oscillate at a single transverse mode: discrimination of gain/loss. 11. Phase conjugation via stimulated Brillouin scattering (V.V. Ragulsky; V.V. Shkunov). 12. Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing for phase conjugation, ten to the tenth power amplification of the image (G.A. Pasmanik). 13. Photorefractive crystals: nonlinear response at low intensity at a cost of long build-up time. 14. Double phase conjugation 15. Feinberg's cat and cat conjugator.
Phase conjugated waves via degenerate four wave mixing with picosecond laser pulses having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 80 ps have been observed in alcali vapours. The dephasing time of the 2P3/2 state in sodium was found to be 7.4 ns. This is the lifetime of the transient volume grating of the atomic states which are involved in the phase conjugated experiment. The average time of the perturbation of the atomic wave functions due to a "hot" collision (from a frequency modulation of a Markov type) was found to be 5x10-14 sec.