Physical Review

Magnetic- and Electric-Field Effects of the B1 and B2 Absorption Lines in Ruby

Marvin Cohen, N. Bloembergen

Published Aug 17, 1964• 19 citations

Abstract

A pseudo-Stark splitting of the ${B}_{1}(20993 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ and the ${B}_{2}(21068 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ absorption lines in ruby has been observed at 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The splitting of each $B$ line is 2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$/V/cm for an electric field parallel to the $c$ axis. This is a factor 3.7 larger than the corresponding splitting of the $R$ lines. There is no observable effect for fields perpendicular to the $c$ axis. Crystal-field theory satisfactorily predicts these properties, which are determined by the symmetry of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ site. The point-charge model does not correctly predict the absolute value of the observed electric splitting, nor the matrix elements of the $B$ lines.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.135.a950

Related papers

Optically generated pseudo-Stark effect in ruby

P. F. Liao, Alexander M. Glass, L. M. Humphrey

Physical review. B, Condensed matterSep 1, 198036 citations

Zeeman Effect of R-lines in Ruby under a High Magnetic Field

Hidenobu Hori, Hiroshi Mollymoto, Muneyuki Date

Journal of the Physical Society of JapanMar 1, 197925 citations

Optical Absorption Lines of Ruby in a Strong Magnetic Field

Kiyoshi Aoyagi, Akira Misu, Satoru Sugano

Journal of the Physical Society of JapanOct 1, 196341 citations

Stark Effect of the RubidiumD2 Line Studied by High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy

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Optically Induced Magnetization in Ruby

Jan P. van der Ziel, N. Bloembergen

Physical ReviewMay 17, 196557 citations

CURRENT METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE STARK EFFECT IN ATOMS

A. M. Bonch-Bruevich, V. A. Khodovoǐ

Soviet Physics UspekhiMay 31, 1968114 citations

Physical Review

Magnetic- and Electric-Field Effects of the B1 and B2 Absorption Lines in Ruby

Marvin Cohen, N. Bloembergen

Published Aug 17, 1964• 19 citations

Publisher

Abstract

A pseudo-Stark splitting of the

{B}_{1}(20993 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})

and the

{B}_{2}(21068 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})

absorption lines in ruby has been observed at 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The splitting of each

B

line is 2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}

/V/cm for an electric field parallel to the

c

axis. This is a factor 3.7 larger than the corresponding splitting of the

R

lines. There is no observable effect for fields perpendicular to the

c

axis. Crystal-field theory satisfactorily predicts these properties, which are determined by the symmetry of the

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

site. The point-charge model does not correctly predict the absolute value of the observed electric splitting, nor the matrix elements of the

B

lines.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.135.a950

Related papers

Optically generated pseudo-Stark effect in ruby

P. F. Liao, Alexander M. Glass, L. M. Humphrey

We report observations of an optically produced splitting of the luminescence lines of concentrated ruby samples for optical intensities of approximately 200 W/ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ . This splitting is attributed to optical generation of a large, uniform electric field ( ${10}^{6}$ V/cm). At high intensities ( $l>2$ kW/ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ) high photoconductivity causes the splitting to decrease and disappear. It is suggested that the field-generation mechanism is directional charge transfer via two-step excitation of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion or ion clusters. The required electrical asymmetry is shown to be due to a growth-induced anisotropy of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion distribution.We report observations of an optically produced splitting of the luminescence lines of concentrated ruby samples for optical intensities of approximately 200 W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. This splitting is attributed to optical generation of a large, uniform electric field (${10}^{6}$ V/cm). At high intensities ($l>2$ kW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) high photoconductivity causes the splitting to decrease and disappear. It is suggested that the field-generation mechanism is directional charge transfer via two-step excitation of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion or ion clusters. The required electrical asymmetry is shown to be due to a growth-induced anisotropy of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion distribution.

Physical review. B, Condensed matterSep 1, 198036 citations

Zeeman Effect of R-lines in Ruby under a High Magnetic Field

Hidenobu Hori, Hiroshi Mollymoto, Muneyuki Date

The Zeeman effect of R-absorption lines in ruby was observed in a high pulsed magnetic field up to 520 kOe using an optical multichannel analyzer. The experiment was done under a thermal equilibrium condition ( T =130 K) and the Zeeman line intensity is satisfactorily explained. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the C 3 -axis, the excited \barE and 2\barA states show a level mixing and the observed pattern indicates a clear Paschen-Back effect The observed g // -values of the excited states are -2.49±0.05 and 1.49±0.05 for \barE and 2\barA, respectively. g ⊥ -values for these levels were estimated to be smaller than 0.1 at 500 kOe.The Zeeman effect of R-absorption lines in ruby was observed in a high pulsed magnetic field up to 520 kOe using an optical multichannel analyzer. The experiment was done under a thermal equilibrium condition ( T =130 K) and the Zeeman line intensity is satisfactorily explained. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the C 3 -axis, the excited \barE and 2\barA states show a level mixing and the observed pattern indicates a clear Paschen-Back effect The observed g // -values of the excited states are -2.49±0.05 and 1.49±0.05 for \barE and 2\barA, respectively. g ⊥ -values for these levels were estimated to be smaller than 0.1 at 500 kOe.

Journal of the Physical Society of JapanMar 1, 197925 citations

Optical Absorption Lines of Ruby in a Strong Magnetic Field

Kiyoshi Aoyagi, Akira Misu, Satoru Sugano

The Zeeman effect of the B and R absorption lines of ruby was observed photographically with strong pulsed magnetic fields up to 230 kOe at 77°K. This was achieved by flashing a Xe-lamp at the time when a magnetic field reached its peak. The duration of the pulsed field was made to be about 1 m sec which was much longer than that of the pulsed light, about 20 µ sec. The g -values of the excited states responsible for the B and R lines were measured and the comparison was made with those reported by other authors. For the Zeeman patterns of the R lines with magnetic fields perpendicular to the optic axis, the Paschen-Back effect was calculated and compared with the observed patterns.The Zeeman effect of the B and R absorption lines of ruby was observed photographically with strong pulsed magnetic fields up to 230 kOe at 77°K. This was achieved by flashing a Xe-lamp at the time when a magnetic field reached its peak. The duration of the pulsed field was made to be about 1 m sec which was much longer than that of the pulsed light, about 20 µ sec. The g -values of the excited states responsible for the B and R lines were measured and the comparison was made with those reported by other authors. For the Zeeman patterns of the R lines with magnetic fields perpendicular to the optic axis, the Paschen-Back effect was calculated and compared with the observed patterns.

Journal of the Physical Society of JapanOct 1, 196341 citations

Stark Effect of the RubidiumD2 Line Studied by High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy

Masayuki Kawamura, Wei-Guo Jin, Nobuyuki Takahashi +1 more

The Stark effect of the 5 s 2 S 1/2 –5 p 2 P 3/2 transition ( D 2 line) of Rb has been studied by high-resolution atomic-beam laser spectroscopy. The splittings of magnetic sublevels of 5 p 2 P 3/2 have been resolved, and the Stark shifts and splittings of the D 2 line have been measured at various electric fields. The scalar polarizability of the D 2 line and the tensor polarizability of the 5 p 2 P 3/2 level have been determined to be α s (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) - α s (5 s 2 S 1/2 ) = 136.95(89) kHz/(kV/cm) 2 and α t (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) = -40.91(38) kHz/(kV/cm) 2 , respectively, by considering the mixing between hyperfine structure levels of 5 p 2 P 3/2 . The precision of α t (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) has been improved by a factor of 2 compared with the previously reported values.The Stark effect of the 5 s 2 S 1/2 –5 p 2 P 3/2 transition ( D 2 line) of Rb has been studied by high-resolution atomic-beam laser spectroscopy. The splittings of magnetic sublevels of 5 p 2 P 3/2 have been resolved, and the Stark shifts and splittings of the D 2 line have been measured at various electric fields. The scalar polarizability of the D 2 line and the tensor polarizability of the 5 p 2 P 3/2 level have been determined to be α s (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) - α s (5 s 2 S 1/2 ) = 136.95(89) kHz/(kV/cm) 2 and α t (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) = -40.91(38) kHz/(kV/cm) 2 , respectively, by considering the mixing between hyperfine structure levels of 5 p 2 P 3/2 . The precision of α t (5 p 2 P 3/2 ) has been improved by a factor of 2 compared with the previously reported values.

Journal of the Physical Society of JapanDec 10, 20097 citations

Optically Induced Magnetization in Ruby

Jan P. van der Ziel, N. Bloembergen

The magnetization of ruby in a magnetic field at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is changed when the ruby is optically pumped with linearly polarized radiation from a $Q$ -switched ruby laser. With a magnetic field parallel to the trigonal axis, laser light polarized parallel to this axis induces transitions from the spin \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{} levels of the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state to the levels of the $\overline{E}(^{2}E)$ excited state. The change in ${M}_{z}$ is linearly proportional to $H$ except near the anticrossing points of the $^{4}A_{2}$ spin levels at 2.07 and 4.14 kG. At these field strengths, there is an enhancement of the magnetization caused by state mixing of the $^{4}A_{2}$ wave functions. When $H$ has a small component perpendicular to the $z$ axis, a magnetization is detected parallel to this component in the vicinity of 4.14 kG. The effect requires a long ground-state relaxation time. In a separate experiment, the relaxation of ${M}_{z}$ was found to vary from 0.13 \ensuremath{\mu}sec in zero magnetic field to a constant value of 0.57 \ensuremath{\mu}sec for fields above 60 G.The magnetization of ruby in a magnetic field at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is changed when the ruby is optically pumped with linearly polarized radiation from a $Q$-switched ruby laser. With a magnetic field parallel to the trigonal axis, laser light polarized parallel to this axis induces transitions from the spin \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{} levels of the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state to the levels of the $\overline{E}(^{2}E)$ excited state. The change in ${M}_{z}$ is linearly proportional to $H$ except near the anticrossing points of the $^{4}A_{2}$ spin levels at 2.07 and 4.14 kG. At these field strengths, there is an enhancement of the magnetization caused by state mixing of the $^{4}A_{2}$ wave functions. When $H$ has a small component perpendicular to the $z$ axis, a magnetization is detected parallel to this component in the vicinity of 4.14 kG. The effect requires a long ground-state relaxation time. In a separate experiment, the relaxation of ${M}_{z}$ was found to vary from 0.13 \ensuremath{\mu}sec in zero magnetic field to a constant value of 0.57 \ensuremath{\mu}sec for fields above 60 G.

Physical ReviewMay 17, 196557 citations

CURRENT METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE STARK EFFECT IN ATOMS

A. M. Bonch-Bruevich, V. A. Khodovoǐ

CONTENTS I. Introduction 637 II. Theory of the Stark Effect 638 1. The Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 638 2. The Stark Effect in Alternating Electric Fields 640 III. The Study of the Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 643 1. Observation of the Shifts of Centers of Gravity of Absorption Lines in Atomic Beams 643 2. Study of the Stark Effect by Observation of Electric Double Refraction 644 3. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Comparison with Hyperfine Splitting 646 4. Observation of the Stark Effect by Radiospectroscopic Methods 646 5. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Double Radiooptical Resonance 647 6. Observation of the Stark Effect by Level-crossing and Beat Methods 649 IV. The Study of the Stark Effect in Fields of Optical Frequency 651 1. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of the Ground State of Hg 199 by Resonance Light 651 2. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of Potassium Atoms in the Radiation Field of a Ruby Laser 653 V. Conclusion 654 Literature Cited 656CONTENTS I. Introduction 637 II. Theory of the Stark Effect 638 1. The Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 638 2. The Stark Effect in Alternating Electric Fields 640 III. The Study of the Stark Effect in a Constant Electric Field 643 1. Observation of the Shifts of Centers of Gravity of Absorption Lines in Atomic Beams 643 2. Study of the Stark Effect by Observation of Electric Double Refraction 644 3. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Comparison with Hyperfine Splitting 646 4. Observation of the Stark Effect by Radiospectroscopic Methods 646 5. Study of the Stark Effect by the Method of Double Radiooptical Resonance 647 6. Observation of the Stark Effect by Level-crossing and Beat Methods 649 IV. The Study of the Stark Effect in Fields of Optical Frequency 651 1. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of the Ground State of Hg 199 by Resonance Light 651 2. Observation of Shifts and Splittings of Levels of Potassium Atoms in the Radiation Field of a Ruby Laser 653 V. Conclusion 654 Literature Cited 656

Soviet Physics UspekhiMay 31, 1968114 citations

A pseudo-Stark splitting of the

{B}_{1}(20993 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})

and the

{B}_{2}(21068 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})

absorption lines in ruby has been observed at 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The splitting of each

B

line is 2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}

{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}

/V/cm for an electric field parallel to the

c

axis. This is a factor 3.7 larger than the corresponding splitting of the

R

lines. There is no observable effect for fields perpendicular to the

c

axis. Crystal-field theory satisfactorily predicts these properties, which are determined by the symmetry of the

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

site. The point-charge model does not correctly predict the absolute value of the observed electric splitting, nor the matrix elements of the

B

lines.

We report observations of an optically produced splitting of the luminescence lines of concentrated ruby samples for optical intensities of approximately 200 W/

{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}

. This splitting is attributed to optical generation of a large, uniform electric field (

{10}^{6}

V/cm). At high intensities (

l>2

kW/

{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}

) high photoconductivity causes the splitting to decrease and disappear. It is suggested that the field-generation mechanism is directional charge transfer via two-step excitation of

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

ion or ion clusters. The required electrical asymmetry is shown to be due to a growth-induced anisotropy of the

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

ion distribution.

The magnetization of ruby in a magnetic field at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is changed when the ruby is optically pumped with linearly polarized radiation from a

Q

-switched ruby laser. With a magnetic field parallel to the trigonal axis, laser light polarized parallel to this axis induces transitions from the spin \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{} levels of the

^{4}A_{2}

ground state to the levels of the

\overline{E}(^{2}E)

excited state. The change in

{M}_{z}

is linearly proportional to

H

except near the anticrossing points of the

^{4}A_{2}

spin levels at 2.07 and 4.14 kG. At these field strengths, there is an enhancement of the magnetization caused by state mixing of the

^{4}A_{2}

wave functions. When

H

has a small component perpendicular to the

z

axis, a magnetization is detected parallel to this component in the vicinity of 4.14 kG. The effect requires a long ground-state relaxation time. In a separate experiment, the relaxation of

{M}_{z}

was found to vary from 0.13 \ensuremath{\mu}sec in zero magnetic field to a constant value of 0.57 \ensuremath{\mu}sec for fields above 60 G.