Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Zeeman Effect of R-lines in Ruby under a High Magnetic Field

Hidenobu Hori, Hiroshi Mollymoto, Muneyuki Date

Published Mar 1, 1979• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Zeeman effect of R-absorption lines in ruby was observed in a high pulsed magnetic field up to 520 kOe using an optical multichannel analyzer. The experiment was done under a thermal equilibrium condition ( T =130 K) and the Zeeman line intensity is satisfactorily explained. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the C 3 -axis, the excited \barE and 2\barA states show a level mixing and the observed pattern indicates a clear Paschen-Back effect The observed g // -values of the excited states are -2.49±0.05 and 1.49±0.05 for \barE and 2\barA, respectively. g ⊥ -values for these levels were estimated to be smaller than 0.1 at 500 kOe.

DOI
10.1143/jpsj.46.908

Related papers

Optical Absorption Lines of Ruby in a Strong Magnetic Field

Kiyoshi Aoyagi, Akira Misu, Satoru Sugano

The Zeeman effect of the B and R absorption lines of ruby was observed photographically with strong pulsed magnetic fields up to 230 kOe at 77°K. This was achieved by flashing a Xe-lamp at the time when a magnetic field reached its peak. The duration of the pulsed field was made to be about 1 m sec which was much longer than that of the pulsed light, about 20 µ sec. The g -values of the excited states responsible for the B and R lines were measured and the comparison was made with those reported by other authors. For the Zeeman patterns of the R lines with magnetic fields perpendicular to the optic axis, the Paschen-Back effect was calculated and compared with the observed patterns.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Oct 1, 1963•41 citations

Magnetically induced suppression and enhancement of optical excitation of ruby at anticrossing points

Roman L. Kolesov

Sharp resonances in optical excitation of ruby by laser pulses are observed as Zeeman sublevels anticross in an external magnetic field. For the ${R}_{1}$ optical line of ruby $(694.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ excitation drops when the external magnetic field strength approaches $4.14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}$ while for the ${R}_{2}$ line $(692.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ it increases in $4.14$ and $2.07\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}$ fields. A simple theoretical description of the observed effects on the basis of level mixing explains both situations.

Physical Review A•Apr 19, 2006•1 citation

Crystal-field Paschen-Back effect on ruby in ultrahigh magnetic fields

Masaki Gen, Tomoki Kanda, Takashi Shitaokoshi +2 more

This paper reports the anomalous Zeeman effect of the R lines of ruby in megagauss region. This observation owes to the Paschen-Back effect, where the Zeeman energy overcomes the crystal-field energy splitting, resulting in the renormalization of the good quantum number.

arXiv:2006.06199•Physical Review Research•Aug 17, 2020•4 citations

Level mixing and anisotropy effect in resonant Raman electron paramagnetic transitions in ruby for B perpendicular to c

Xingye Lu, S. Venugopalan, Hyunjung Kim +3 more

Doubly resonant Raman electron paramagnetic transitions in ruby (Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$:Cr${}^{3+}$) have been investigated using dye laser excitation tuned across the range of the Zeeman components of its well-known ${R}_{1}$ emission line. With magnetic field B normal to c, the optic axis of ruby, it is seen that the Raman electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lines exhibit significant intensity enhancements due to the simultaneous occurrence of ``in resonance'' and ``out resonance,'' as visualized in the Kramers-Heisenberg formalism of inelastic light scattering. The specific Raman EPR features observed in the present study, together with their resonances, however, differ markedly from those observed in our previous investigation with $\mathbf{B}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathbf{c}$. These differences can be traced to level mixing effects within the Zeeman multiplet of the ${}^{4}{A}_{2}$ (ground) state on the one hand, and the negligible value of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ for the $\mathrm{E\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ (excited) state of the ${R}_{1}$ emission line on the other. Furthermore, we note that with B\ensuremath{\perp}c and under resonant conditions, the experimentally observed \ensuremath{\Delta}$m$ $=$ \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 pair of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines are not connected by time-reversal symmetry.

Physical Review B•May 17, 2011•3 citations

Absorption Spectra of Cr3+ in Al2O3 Part B. Experimental Studies of the Zeeman Effect and Other Properties of the Line Spectra

Satoru Sugano, Ikuji Tsujikawa

The absorption intensities, widths and wave-numbers of R 1 , R 2 and B 1 B 2 lines of Cr 3+ in ruby for the polarized light E ⊥ C 3 and E // C 3 are experimentally studied at 20°K and 4.2°K. Zeeman effect is also studied, using a magnetic field H 0 =24,000 φ, for both R and B lines. The Zeeman effect has not been observed yet for the B lines, while Lehmann has already observed the Zeeman effect for R lines. In our results of R lines, the quantitative aspects of Lehmann's experiment are improved. The comparison is made with the theoretical results given in Part A and it is shown that nice agreements can be obtained when suitable assignments of the spectra are adopted and when fairly large g -shifts of the excited states are introduced.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Aug 1, 1958•173 citations

Microwave modulation of a ruby laser output by absorption

Di Chen

Ruby exhibits the Zeeman effect in the energy levels responsible for the absorption of the R1line. When a ruby laser is directed to pass through a section of unexcited ruby rod, the intensity of the transmitted beam is strongly dependent upon the magnetic field applied to the absorber. This effect was used to modulate the amplitude of a pulsed ruby laser in the microwave frequency region. The experimental modulator consisted of a 0.2- inch long ruby absorber located at one end of anS-band TE111mode cylindrical cavity pumped by a 3.2-Gc/s microwave source. A dc bias magnetic field was also applied to the absorber. When both the laser and the absorber rods were cooled to 80°K, the modulated beam attained maximum modulation index with a bias field of 2.5 kOe. This and other experimental results agree well with calculations made from theoretical analysis of this modulation technique, and indicate that the various known relaxation mechanisms in the spin system of ruby do not impose a frequency limit to this method of modulation.

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics•Jun 1, 1965•1 citation
The Zeeman effect of R-absorption lines in ruby was observed in a high pulsed magnetic field up to 520 kOe using an optical multichannel analyzer. The experiment was done under a thermal equilibrium condition ( T =130 K) and the Zeeman line intensity is satisfactorily explained. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the C 3 -axis, the excited \barE and 2\barA states show a level mixing and the observed pattern indicates a clear Paschen-Back effect The observed g // -values of the excited states are -2.49±0.05 and 1.49±0.05 for \barE and 2\barA, respectively. g ⊥ -values for these levels were estimated to be smaller than 0.1 at 500 kOe.
The Zeeman effect of the B and R absorption lines of ruby was observed photographically with strong pulsed magnetic fields up to 230 kOe at 77°K. This was achieved by flashing a Xe-lamp at the time when a magnetic field reached its peak. The duration of the pulsed field was made to be about 1 m sec which was much longer than that of the pulsed light, about 20 µ sec. The g -values of the excited states responsible for the B and R lines were measured and the comparison was made with those reported by other authors. For the Zeeman patterns of the R lines with magnetic fields perpendicular to the optic axis, the Paschen-Back effect was calculated and compared with the observed patterns.
Sharp resonances in optical excitation of ruby by laser pulses are observed as Zeeman sublevels anticross in an external magnetic field. For the R1{R}_{1}R1​ optical line of ruby (694.3nm)(694.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(694.3nm) excitation drops when the external magnetic field strength approaches 4.14kG4.14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}4.14kG while for the R2{R}_{2}R2​ line (692.9nm)(692.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(692.9nm) it increases in 4.144.144.14 and 2.07kG2.07\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}2.07kG fields. A simple theoretical description of the observed effects on the basis of level mixing explains both situations.
Doubly resonant Raman electron paramagnetic transitions in ruby (Al2{}_{2}2​O3{}_{3}3​:Cr3+{}^{3+}3+) have been investigated using dye laser excitation tuned across the range of the Zeeman components of its well-known R1{R}_{1}R1​ emission line. With magnetic field B normal to c, the optic axis of ruby, it is seen that the Raman electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lines exhibit significant intensity enhancements due to the simultaneous occurrence of ``in resonance'' and ``out resonance,'' as visualized in the Kramers-Heisenberg formalism of inelastic light scattering. The specific Raman EPR features observed in the present study, together with their resonances, however, differ markedly from those observed in our previous investigation with $\mathbf{B}\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathbf{c}$. These differences can be traced to level mixing effects within the Zeeman multiplet of the 4A2{}^{4}{A}_{2}4A2​ (ground) state on the one hand, and the negligible value of ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ for the $\mathrm{E\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ (excited) state of the R1{R}_{1}R1​ emission line on the other. Furthermore, we note that with B\ensuremath{\perp}c and under resonant conditions, the experimentally observed \ensuremath{\Delta}mmm === \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 pair of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines are not connected by time-reversal symmetry.
The absorption intensities, widths and wave-numbers of R 1 , R 2 and B 1 B 2 lines of Cr 3+ in ruby for the polarized light E ⊥ C 3 and E // C 3 are experimentally studied at 20°K and 4.2°K. Zeeman effect is also studied, using a magnetic field H 0 =24,000 φ, for both R and B lines. The Zeeman effect has not been observed yet for the B lines, while Lehmann has already observed the Zeeman effect for R lines. In our results of R lines, the quantitative aspects of Lehmann's experiment are improved. The comparison is made with the theoretical results given in Part A and it is shown that nice agreements can be obtained when suitable assignments of the spectra are adopted and when fairly large g -shifts of the excited states are introduced.
Ruby exhibits the Zeeman effect in the energy levels responsible for the absorption of the R1line. When a ruby laser is directed to pass through a section of unexcited ruby rod, the intensity of the transmitted beam is strongly dependent upon the magnetic field applied to the absorber. This effect was used to modulate the amplitude of a pulsed ruby laser in the microwave frequency region. The experimental modulator consisted of a 0.2- inch long ruby absorber located at one end of anS-band TE111mode cylindrical cavity pumped by a 3.2-Gc/s microwave source. A dc bias magnetic field was also applied to the absorber. When both the laser and the absorber rods were cooled to 80°K, the modulated beam attained maximum modulation index with a bias field of 2.5 kOe. This and other experimental results agree well with calculations made from theoretical analysis of this modulation technique, and indicate that the various known relaxation mechanisms in the spin system of ruby do not impose a frequency limit to this method of modulation.