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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Orthogonality catastrophe and non-Fermi liquids

Shaojin Qin, Jianhui Dai

Published May 15, 1995• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We study the non-Fermi liquid with the method developed for the orthogonality castastrophe to yield the exact exponent of the momentum distribution at the Fermi surface for a one-dimensional Hubbard model. Our work confirms the exponent obtained using the linearized spectrum by other authors, and suggests the relation between the non-Fermi liquid behaviors and some well studied phenomena.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.51.13781

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We study the non-Fermi liquid with the method developed for the orthogonality castastrophe to yield the exact exponent of the momentum distribution at the Fermi surface for a one-dimensional Hubbard model. Our work confirms the exponent obtained using the linearized spectrum by other authors, and suggests the relation between the non-Fermi liquid behaviors and some well studied phenomena.
The behavior of a single impurity in a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid is numerically investigated by means of the density-matrix renormalization group. By analyzing the finite-size scaling behavior of the low-energy spectrum, we confirm the theoretical prediction of Kane and Fisher [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1220 (1992)] both for attractive and repulsive interactions. Moreover, we calculate the exponent of the orthogonality catastrophe, which gives a further support to the above theoretical prediction.
An exactly soluble one-dimensional model of electrons interacting with order-parameter fluctuations associated with short-range order is considered. The energy and momentum dependence of the electronic self-energy and spectral function are calculated and found to exhibit non-Fermi-liquid features similar to that seen for the two-dimensional Hubbard model: a pseudogap, shadow bands, anomalies in the self-energy, and breakdown of the quasiparticle picture. Deviations from Fermi-liquid behavior are largest close to the Fermi surface and as the correlation length increases.
The Hubbard model is investigated starting from both the small and large U limits. This allows one to derive an interpolation formula for the double occupancy at half-filling for dimensionalities d = 1, 2, 3. It shows a smooth behavior as a function of U and tends to zero only for U → ∞. A quantity that probes more sensitively the nature of the ground state is the momentum distribution function n(k). At half filling n(k) is smooth at k F both for d = 1 and d = 2, at least for not too small values of U. In one dimension for all other band fillings the slope of n(k) has a power-law singularity at k F with an exponent α increasing steadily from zero at U = 0 to 1/8 for U → ∞; the system is a "marginal Fermi liquid". A similar behavior may occur close to half-filling for d = 2, but for small densities one expects the usual step function of a normal Fermi liquid.
We present a fractionalized metallic phase which is indistinguishable from the Fermi liquid in conductivity and thermodynamics, but is sharply distinct in one-electron properties, such as the electron spectral function. We dub this phase the ``orthogonal metal.'' The orthogonal metal and the transition to it from the Fermi liquid are naturally described using a slave-particle representation wherein the electron is expressed as a product of a fermion and a slave Ising spin. We emphasize that when the slave spins are disordered, the result is not a Mott insulator (as erroneously assumed in the prior literature), but rather the orthogonal metal. We construct prototypical ground-state wave functions for the orthogonal metal by modifying the Jastrow factor of Slater-Jastrow wave functions that describe ordinary Fermi liquids. We further demonstrate that the transition from the Fermi liquid to the orthogonal metal can, in some circumstances, provide a simple example of a continuous destruction of a Fermi surface with a critical Fermi surface appearing right at the critical point. We present exactly soluble models that realize an orthogonal metal phase, and the phase transition to the Fermi liquid. These models thus provide valuable solvable examples for phase transitions associated with the death of a Fermi surface.
Understanding non-Fermi liquids in dimensions higher than one remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern condensed matter physics. These systems, characterized by an abundance of gapless degrees of freedom and the absence of well-defined quasiparticles, defy conventional analytical frameworks. Inspired by recent work [Delacretaz et al. Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 033131 (2022)], we present a procedure for bosonizing Fermi surfaces that does not rely on the existence of sharp excitation and is thus directly applicable to non-Fermi liquids. Our method involves parametrizing the generalized fermionic distribution function through a bosonic field that describes frequency-dependent local variations of the chemical potential in momentum space. We propose an effective action that produces the collisionless quantum Boltzmann equation as its equation of motion and can be used for any dimension and Fermi surface of interest. Even at the quadratic order, this action reproduces nontrivial results obtainable only through involved analysis with alternative means. By offering an alternative method directly applicable to studying the low-energy physics of Fermi and non-Fermi liquids, our work potentially stands as an important building block in advancing the comprehension of strange metals and associated phenomena.