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arXiv:cond-mat/9608024 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Impurity in a Luttinger liquid: A numerical study of the finite-size energy spectrum and of the orthogonality catastrophe exponent

Shaojin Qin, Michele Fabrizio, Lu Yu

Published Oct 1, 1996• 33 citations
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Abstract

The behavior of a single impurity in a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid is numerically investigated by means of the density-matrix renormalization group. By analyzing the finite-size scaling behavior of the low-energy spectrum, we confirm the theoretical prediction of Kane and Fisher [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1220 (1992)] both for attractive and repulsive interactions. Moreover, we calculate the exponent of the orthogonality catastrophe, which gives a further support to the above theoretical prediction.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.54.r9643

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The behavior of a single impurity in a one-dimensional Luttinger liquid is numerically investigated by means of the density-matrix renormalization group. By analyzing the finite-size scaling behavior of the low-energy spectrum, we confirm the theoretical prediction of Kane and Fisher [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1220 (1992)] both for attractive and repulsive interactions. Moreover, we calculate the exponent of the orthogonality catastrophe, which gives a further support to the above theoretical prediction.
Conformal field theory gives quite detailed predictions for the low-energy spectrum and scaling exponents of a massless Luttinger liquid at generic filling in the presence of an impurity. While these predictions were verified for half-filled systems, there was until now no analysis away from this particular filling. Here, we fill in this gap by numerically investigating a quarter-filled system using the density-matrix renormalization-group technique. Our results confirm conformal-field-theory predictions, and suggest that they are indeed valid for arbitrary fillings.
Using a fermionic renormalization group method we present a simple real space picture of the strong influence an impurity has on the electronic properties of a Luttinger liquid. We compute the flow of the renormalized impurity potential for a single impurity over the entire energy range - from the microscopic scale of a lattice-fermion model down to the low-energy limit. We confirm that low energy properties close to the impurity are as if the chain is cut in two pieces with open boundary conditions at the end points, but show that this universal behavior is only reached for extremely large systems. The accuracy of the renormalization group scheme is demonstrated by a direct comparison with data obtained from the density-matrix renormalization group method.
The one-dimensional gas of bosons interacting via a repulsive contact potential was solved long ago via Bethe's ansatz by Lieb and Liniger [Phys. Rev. {\bf 130}, 1605 (1963)]. The low energy excitation spectrum is a Luttinger liquid parametrized by a conformal field theory with conformal charge c=1c=1c=1. For higher energy excitations the spectral function displays deviations from the Luttinger behavior arising from the curvature terms in the dispersion. Adding a corrective term of the form of a mobile impurity coupled to the Luttinger liquid modes corrects this problem. The ``impurity'' term is an irrelevant operator, which if treated non-perturbatively, yields the threshold singularities in the one-particle and one-hole hole Green's function correctly. We show that the exponents obtained via the finite size corrections to the ground state energy are identical to those obtained through the shift function.
A Luttinger liquid coupled to a quantum impurity describes a large number of physical systems. The Hamiltonian consists of left- and right-moving fermions interacting among themselves via a density-density coupling and scattering off a localized transmitting and reflecting impurity. We solve exactly the Hamiltonian by means of an incoming-outgoing scattering Bethe basis which properly incorporates all scattering processes. A related model, the weak-tunneling model, wherein the impurity is replaced by a tunnel junction, is solved by the same method. The consistency of the construction is established through a generalized Yang-Baxter relation. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed and the resulting Bethe ansatz equations are derived by means of the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz approach. We derive the spectrum of the model for all coupling constant regimes and calculate the impurity free energy. We discuss the low energy behavior of the systems for both repulsive and attractive interactions.
The orthogonality catastrophe in a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid with an impurity is reexamined for the case when the interaction parameter or the dimensionless conductance is g=1/2.g=1/2.g=1/2. By transforming bosons back to fermions, the Hamiltonian is reduced to a quadratic form, which allows for explicit calculation of the overlap integral and the local density of states at the defect site. The exponent of the orthogonality catastrophe due to a backward scattering center is found to be 1/8, in agreement with previous studies using different approaches. The time dependence of the core-hole Green's function is computed numerically, which shows a clear crossover from a nonuniversal short-time behavior to a universal long-time behavior. The local density of states vanishes linearly in the low-energy limit at g=1/2.g=1/2.g=1/2.