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Physica Scripta

Positive-type functions on groups and new inequalities in classical and quantum mechanics

Vladimir I. Man’ko, Giuseppe Marmo, Alberto Simoni, F. Ventriglia

Published Aug 18, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Out of any unitary representation of a group, positive-type functions on the group can be obtained. These functions allow one to construct positive semi-definite matrices that may be used to define new inequalities for higher moments of observables associated with classical probability distribution functions and density states of quantum systems. The inequalities stemming from the Heisenberg–Weyl group representations are considered in connection with Gaussian distributions. We obtain new inequalities for multi-variable Hermite polynomials.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/82/03/038114

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Out of any unitary representation of a group, positive-type functions on the group can be obtained. These functions allow one to construct positive semi-definite matrices that may be used to define new inequalities for higher moments of observables associated with classical probability distribution functions and density states of quantum systems. The inequalities stemming from the Heisenberg–Weyl group representations are considered in connection with Gaussian distributions. We obtain new inequalities for multi-variable Hermite polynomials.
A new approach to probability theory based on quantum mechanical and Lie algebraic ideas is proposed and developed. The underlying fact is the observation that the coherent states of the Heisenberg-Weyl, su (2), , and algebras in certain symmetric (bosonic) representations give the `probability amplitudes' (or the `square roots') of the well known Poisson, binomial, multinomial, negative binomial and negative multinomial distributions in probability theory. New probability distributions are derived based on coherent states of the classical algebras , and in symmetric representations. These new probability distributions are simple generalization of the multinomial distributions with some added new features reflecting the quantum and Lie algebraic construction. As byproducts, simple proofs and interpretation of addition theorems of Hermite polynomials are obtained from the `coordinate' representation of the (negative) multinomial states. In other words, these addition theorems are higher rank counterparts of the well known generating function of Hermite polynomials, which is essentially the `coordinate' representation of the ordinary (Heisenberg-Weyl) coherent state.
The positive and not completely positive maps of density matrices, which are contractive maps, are discussed as elements of a semigroup. A new kind of positive map (the purification map), which is nonlinear map, is introduced. The density matrices are considered as vectors, linear maps among matrices are represented by superoperators given in the form of higher dimensional matrices. Probability representation of spin states (spin tomography) is reviewed and U ( N )-tomogram of spin states is presented. Properties of the tomograms as probability distribution functions are studied. Notion of tomographic purity of spin states is introduced. Entanglement and separability of density matrices are expressed in terms of properties of the tomographic joint probability distributions of random spin projections which depend also on unitary group parameters. A new positivity criterion for hermitian matrices is formulated. An entanglement criterion is given in terms of a function depending on unitary group paramete rs and semigroup of positive map parameters. The function is constructed as sum of moduli of U ( N )- tomographic symbols of the hermitian matrix obtained after action on the density matrix of composite system by a positive but not completely positive map of the subsystem density matrix. Some two-qubit and two-qutritt states are considered as examples of entangled states. The connection with the star-product quantisation is discussed. The structure of the set of density matrices and their relation to unitary group and Lie algebra of the unitary group are studied. Nonlinear quantum evolution of state vector obtained by means of applying purification rule of density matrices evolving via dynamical maps is considered. Some connection of positive maps and entanglement with random matrices is discussed and used.
The Wigner distribution function is one of the pillars of the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics. Its original formulation may be cast in terms of the unitary representations of the Weyl–Heisenberg group. Following the construction proposed by Wolf and coworkers in constructing the Wigner functions for general Lie groups using the irreducible unitary representations of the groups, we develop here the Wigner functions and Weyl operators on the Euclidean motion group of rank three. We give complete derivations and proofs of their important properties.
Functions of positive type on locally compact abelian groups can be defined as positive functionals on group algebras, and play a remarkable role in probability theory and in classical statistical mechanics. By Bochner's celebrated theorem, indeed, they are Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of finite positive measures. Hence, a properly normalized nonzero function of positive type on (the group of translations on) phase space provides a realization of a classical state, so it may be called a function of classical positive type. A similar result holds in the quantum setting as well, where a generalized kind of functions of positive type on phase space — the so-called functions of quantum positive type — are related, via the Fourier-Plancherel transform, to the Wigner quasi-probability distributions. In this paper, we will argue that, as in the classical setting, the notion of function of quantum positive type is of a group-theoretical nature. Exploiting an interesting interplay between functions of classical and quantum positive type, we will then provide an interesting characterization of a class of semi-groups of operators that describe the evolution of certain open quantum systems which are of interest in quantum information science. Finally, a suitable extension of this framework to generalized phase spaces that are relevant for current applications will be proposed.
The positive and not completely positive maps of density matrices, which are contractive maps, are discussed as elements of a semigroup. A new kind of positive map (the purification map), which is nonlinear map, is introduced. The density matrices are considered as vectors, linear maps among matrices are represented by superoperators given in the form of higher dimensional matrices. Probability representation of spin states (spin tomography) is reviewed and U(N)-tomogram of spin states is presented. Properties of the tomograms as probability distribution functions are studied. Notion of tomographic purity of spin states is introduced. Entanglement and separability of density matrices are expressed in terms of properties of the tomographic joint probability distributions of random spin projections which depend also on unitary group parameters. A new positivity criterion for hermitian matrices is formulated. An entanglement criterion is given in terms of a function depending on unitary group parameters and semigroup of positive map parameters. The function is constructed as sum of moduli of U(N)-tomographic symbols of the hermitian matrix obtained after action on the density matrix of composite system by a positive but not completely positive map of the subsystem density matrix. Some two-qubit and two-qutritt states are considered as examples of entangled states. The connection with the star-product quantisation is discussed. The structure of the set of density matrices and their relation to unitary group and Lie algebra of the unitary group are studied. Nonlinear quantum evolution of state vector obtained by means of applying purification rule of density matrices evolving via dynamical maps is considered. Some connection of positive maps and entanglement with random matrices is discussed and used.