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Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science)

Eigenstate transmission modes of birefringence optical fibers for entangled twin photons

Atsushi Masubuchi, Takeshi Ozeki

Published Sep 1, 2000• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

When two photons are coded into entangled polarization states, one of the eigenstates of the direct product of the fiber transfer function matrix is found to be independent of the transmission fiber birefringence. The eigenstate is the entangled singlet state Ψ−, one of the Bell states. The entangled polarization state Ψ− can be transmitted through an optical fiber without degradation in fidelity. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 83(9): 69–72, 2000

DOI
10.1002/(sici)1520-6440(200009)83:9<69::aid-ecjc7>3.0.co;2-6

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When two photons are coded into entangled polarization states, one of the eigenstates of the direct product of the fiber transfer function matrix is found to be independent of the transmission fiber birefringence. The eigenstate is the entangled singlet state Ψ−, one of the Bell states. The entangled polarization state Ψ− can be transmitted through an optical fiber without degradation in fidelity. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 83(9): 69–72, 2000
High fidelity transmission of quantum polarization states is essential for realizing quantum networks. The degenerate ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state is an eigenstate of a transmission fiber. In this paper we propose a method for preparing the degenerate ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state using spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) in a fiber Sagnac loop excited by two orthogonally polarized pump waves. This configuration includes a 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Faraday rotator, which creates a relative phase of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ between the two counterpropagating entangled photon pairs with indistinguishability both in frequencies and generation paths. We confirm that only the amplitude is degraded in the output wave form of nonlinear sum frequency generation in the Bell state analyzer after propagation through the fiber due to the polarization mode dispersion.
We demonstrate decoherence-tolerant transmission of a Bell state through a single-mode fiber (SMF) using the photon frequency degree of freedom. To this end, a slightly non-degenerate polarization-entangled singlet, |Ψ−⟩=(|HV⟩−|VH⟩)/2, is localized at the SMF as the depolarization channel subject to random noise due to incessant fiber bending. Two-photon beats and quantum state tomography jointly verify the absence of collective decoherence, showing that |Ψ−⟩ is the sought-after one-dimensional decoherence-free subspace (DFS) pertaining to SMF. Efficient splitting and combining of photon streams in our DFS help outperform the DFS in time domain. This motivates us to attempt DFS-enabled fault-tolerant fiber transmission of biphoton qubits. Two-photon BB84 protocol is implemented in a polarization-maintaining fiber to which dephasing noise is relevant so that a two-dimensional DFS is appropriate. A low bit error rate 5.4% is achieved by encoding one-qubit information onto the biphoton state in spite of significant polarization fluctuation. Our scalable frequency-based DFS has a natural affinity for wavelength division multiplexing in fiber communication by design and as such is extensible to multi-particle entanglement.