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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Lossless formation of electromagnetically induced transparency in sodium atoms

G. Alzetta, S. Cartaleva, Silvia Gozzini, Todor S. Karaulanov, A. Lucchesini, C. Marinelli, L. Moi, K. A. Nasyrov, Valentina A. Sarova

Published Jun 21, 2004• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we propose a simple method for eliminating the population losses of MC resonances by involving all atoms of the Na ground state in the formation of the narrow coherent resonances observed in the fluorescence when scanning around zero value the applied magnetic field. As a result, dark resonances with a contrast up to 100% have been observed. Results are obtained in two different experimental configurations: using laser excitation of linear and circular polarization, leading to different population redistribution among Zeeman and hf levels. Theoretical analysis of the results is also presented. It is shown that at certain conditions complete optical pumping of atoms to levels Fg=2, mFg=2 or mFg=-2 can be achieved, which means complete orientation of the atoms.

DOI
10.1117/12.563180

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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference•Jan 20, 2003•0 citations
In this paper we propose a simple method for eliminating the population losses of MC resonances by involving all atoms of the Na ground state in the formation of the narrow coherent resonances observed in the fluorescence when scanning around zero value the applied magnetic field. As a result, dark resonances with a contrast up to 100% have been observed. Results are obtained in two different experimental configurations: using laser excitation of linear and circular polarization, leading to different population redistribution among Zeeman and hf levels. Theoretical analysis of the results is also presented. It is shown that at certain conditions complete optical pumping of atoms to levels Fg=2, mFg=2 or mFg=-2 can be achieved, which means complete orientation of the atoms.
Complete electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in sodium vapor is demonstrated experimentally by means of excitation with a broadband multimode dye laser tuned on the D1{D}_{1}D1​ line. One hundred percent transparency is observed by excitation of the Na vapor with circularly polarized laser light. The linear polarization excitation produces, instead, complete destruction of the EIT resonance. For laser power density in the 0.1to1W∕cm20.1\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}0.1to1W∕cm2 range, the linewidth of the EIT resonance remains in the interval of 90−−400kHz90--400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}90−−400kHz. This complete transparency of the medium in a narrow frequency interval is interesting for many applications where the enhancement of the refractive index is important and where the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the dark resonances allows a more sensitive measurement of weak magnetic fields.
Subnatural-width resonances due to coherent effects in optical pumping at hyperfine (hf) transitions of Rb are investigated using a linearly or circularly polarized single-frequency diode laser beam. The sign and amplitude of the resonances in the fluorescence are measured by scanning the laser frequency over the hf transitions of the Rb D 1 and D 2 lines. The fluorescence perpendicular to the laser beam is detected as a function of magnetic field parallel to the beam propagation and scanned around zero value. In the case of linear polarization of the field, dark resonances are observed for hf transitions with F g → F e = F g -1 and F g → F e = F g , and bright resonances are observed for transitions with F g → F e = F g + 1. This is in agreement with the recently developed theories. For all (except F g = 2→ F e = 3, 85 Rb, D 1 line) hf transitions the sign of the resonances reverses when the polarization of the field changes to circular. The amplitudes of the resonances correspond to the probability of the hf transitions and to the calculated loss rate of the population to the ground hf level not excited by the laser field. The observed narrow resonances (FWHM: few tens of kHz) and their sensitivity to weak magnetic fields are interesting for high-resolution spectroscopy and for development of simple and precise magnetometers.
We present the results of an experimental as well as a theoretical study of nonlinear magneto-optical resonances in diatomic potassium molecules in the electronic ground state with large values of the angular momentum quantum number $J\ensuremath{\sim}100$. At zero magnetic field, the absorption transitions are suppressed because of population trapping in the ground state due to Zeeman coherences between magnetic sublevels of this state along with depopulation pumping. The destruction of such coherences in an external magnetic field was used to study the resonances in this work. K2{}_{2}2​ molecules were formed in a glass cell filled with potassium metal at a temperature above 150 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C. The cell was placed in an oven and was located in a homogeneous magnetic field B, which was scanned from 0 to 0.7 T. QQQ-type and RRR-type transitions were excited with a tunable, single-mode diode laser with a central wavelength of 660 nm. Well-pronounced nonlinear Hanle effect signals were observed in the intensities of the linearly polarized components of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detected in the direction parallel to the B field with polarization vectors parallel (Ipar{I}_{\text{par}}Ipar​) and perpendicular (Iper{I}_{\text{per}}Iper​) to the polarization vector of the exciting laser radiation, which was orthogonal to B. The intensities of the LIF components were detected for different experimental parameters, such as laser power density and vapor temperature, in order to compare them with numerical simulations that were based on the optical Bloch equations for the density matrix. We report good agreement of our measurements with numerical simulations. Narrow, subnatural linewidth dark resonances in Iper(B){I}_{\text{per}}(B)Iper​(B) were detected and explained.
A variation of the usual method of atomic orientation of alkali metal vapors by optical pumping is proposed. This variation consists of employing a single circularly polarized D1{D}_{1}D1​ line as pumping radiation, instead of a mixture of the two DDD lines. Under these conditions, one magnetic substate of the ground state is transparent to the pumping radiation. It is shown that for a sufficiently intense light source and relatively weak relaxation, the entire population of the vapor will tend to be pumped into this single state, resulting in nearly one-hundred percent atomic orientation. The pumping process is analyzed in detail for sodium vapor illuminated with $3{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}3{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ radiation, and the time dependence of the populations of the eight magnetic sublevels of the ground state is computed. It is shown that in the steady state, the light absorption by the vapor is linear rather than exponential with distance. A simple method of measuring relaxation times based on this observation is suggested. The conditions under which the imprisonment of resonance radiation limits the size of the oriented sample are discussed, and it is suggested that the proposed technique will allow the alignment of larger samples than is possible by the usual method of optical pumping.
Abstract Magnetically induced Fg = 2 → Fe = 4 transitions corresponding to the 85Rb D2 line in the case of the σ+ circularly polarized radiation have been used for the first time to form optical dark resonances in strong magnetic fields up to 1 kG under electromagnetically induced transparency conditions. A 1.5-μm-thick cell filled with Rb atomic vapor has been used. The probabilities of two of five magnetically induced transitions, which are efficiently formed only with the σ+-polarized radiation, in the magnetic field range of 0.2–1 kG exceed the probabilities of “ordinary” atomic transitions. For this reason, it is appropriate to use them in Λ systems for the formation of the dark resonance. The following rule has been established: for the formation of the dark resonance in a Λ system with the use of the σ+-polarized probe radiation at the frequencies of magnetically induced transitions, the radiation of the coupling laser should also be σ+ polarized; the dark resonance is not formed if the radiation of the coupling laser is σ– polarized, which is confirmed by the calculated theoretical curve. A significant advantage of magnetically induced resonances for electromagnetically induced transparency compared to ordinary atomic transitions corresponding to the 85Rb D2 line has been demonstrated. The formation of dark resonances in strong magnetic fields, when their frequency is shifted by several gigahertzs, can be applied in practice.
Summary form only given. The phenomenon of "dark resonances" or coherent population trapping is a well known concept in optics and laser spectroscopy. It can be considered as the basis for such effects as electromagnetically induced transparency and lasing without inversion. We report the observation of the novel spectral features which arise in systems where multiple quantum superposition states are coupled and interact coherently. These novel resonances correspond to the recently predicted "double-dark states". In the experiment, an optically thin ensemble of rubidium-37 atoms in zero magnetic field is excited in a /spl Lambda/ configuration with circularly polarized light from a pair of 789 nm diode lasers.