Mass, wave-particle duality, and the equivalence principle in relativistic quantum mechanics

Han Gil Na, Changhyun Jin

Leo Sartori

Vladimir Goldin

This paper proposes a deterministic, mechanical solution to the wave-particle duality paradox by establishing a direct link between mass-energy-information equivalence and the quantum-classical transition. We argue that wave-function collapse is not triggered by an abstract, non-physical “conscious observer,” nor does it require multi-dimensional geometric scaffolding. Instead, the transition from a non-local probabilistic wave state to a localized classical coordinate is a quantitative mass-aggregation problem. Utilizing Landauer’s Principle and the Mass-Energy-Information Equivalence Principle, we demonstrate that macroscopic measurement apparatuses inevitably flood a near-massless quantum system with megabyte-to-gigabyte payloads of physical informational mass. This data influx acts as a mechanical anvil, tipping the scale past a specific decoherence threshold and forcing a localized physical state. Finally, we assert that wave collapse is merely a limitation of current technology rather than an immutable law of nature—a conclusion already being validated by contemporary Quantum Nondemolition (QND) and Weak Measurement techniques.

Christopher Dewdney, G. Horton, Mai Mai Lam +2 more

Rudolph Elliot Willis

Wave-particle duality remains one of the most striking and conceptually unresolved features of quantum mechanics. Here I present a dynamical mechanism for wave-particle duality based on spontaneous stochastic mass-energy interconversion at subatomic scales. By promoting particle mass to a fluctuating quantity consistent with Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence, I derive a Schrödinger equation with an additional stochastic kinetic-phase term. Applied to the canonical double-slit experiment, the framework shows that quantum interference arises from coherent, path-dependent phase accumulation driven by mass-energy fluctuations, while particle-like localization emerges naturally at detection. The formalism yields closed-form expressions for interference visibility, predicts a momentum- and mass-dependent decoherence rate, admits a path-integral interpretation, and enables direct experimental bounds using neutron, electron, and atom interferometry. The results provide a physically grounded account of wave-particle duality without modifying the axioms of quantum mechanics.

Sukumar P

The wave-particle duality and the origin of spin remain central mysteries in quantum mechanics. Building on the mass-frequency equivalence principle ħω₀ = m₀c² and the force-gradient relation F = m₀c² dγ/dx, we construct a classical relativistic action for a point particle with an internal rotational degree of freedom. A kinematic constraint fixes the mechanical rotation frequency to the Compton frequency Ω₀ = 2ω₀, reflecting the spinor nature of fermions. Rest-frame analysis yields spin s = ħ/2, the reduced Compton wavelength r_c = ħ/(2m₀c), and an internal transverse speed c. In a moving frame, the worldline becomes a regular helix whose instantaneous path speed remains exactly c for all center-of-mass velocities—a geometric realization of u_μ u^μ = c². The force-gradient relation connects external influences to helix deformation: a spatially varying Lorentz factor γ(x) changes the local pitch and rotation frequency, with force as the measure of deformation. Applications reproduce Newtonian gravity, tidal effects, and the Lorentz force. The magnetic moment gives g = 1, indicating full quantization is needed to recover the Dirac value g = 2. This paper includes 4 figures.