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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Two-dimensional measurement of the temporal correlation function of picosecond light pulses recorded in a photorefractive crystal

Hideki Okamura, Kazuo Kuroda

Published Apr 1, 1997• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe a novel method for the measurement of spatially two-dimensional temporal amplitude correlation function of two coherent short light pulses with picosecond resolution in which the light pulses are recorded in a volume-holographic medium and the recorded information is read out by direct measurement of the spatial distribution of the grating formed in the medium. The feasibility of this method was experimentally proved by means of a photorefractive LiNbO3:Fe crystal and a 3.5-ps frequency-doubled mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. We measured the diffraction of a cw He–Ne laser by the grating formed in the crystal and calculated its envelope function by inversely solving coupled-wave equations.

DOI
10.1364/josab.14.000860

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We describe a novel method for the measurement of spatially two-dimensional temporal amplitude correlation function of two coherent short light pulses with picosecond resolution in which the light pulses are recorded in a volume-holographic medium and the recorded information is read out by direct measurement of the spatial distribution of the grating formed in the medium. The feasibility of this method was experimentally proved by means of a photorefractive LiNbO3:Fe crystal and a 3.5-ps frequency-doubled mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. We measured the diffraction of a cw He–Ne laser by the grating formed in the crystal and calculated its envelope function by inversely solving coupled-wave equations.
The excitation of nonuniform holographic gratings by ultrashort light pulses in nonlinear cubic media is considered. The relaxation and the diffusion of the pulse-induced grating are investigated. The diffraction problem of the induced grating is solved using both the perturbation theory and the coupled-wave approach. It is shown that the measurement of the angular or spectral distribution of the diffracted probe light makes it possible to determine the complex-valued coherence function completely for a single nonreproducible pulse. A simple method for the determination of the exciting pulse area is proposed; it allows us to deduce the integral amplitude and duration for the pulse, which can serve as a good approximation for their corresponding real values.
We demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, second harmonic optical phase conjugation, using the second spatial harmonics of a nonsinusoidal grating formed in a photorefractive material. The possibility of harmonic phase conjugation has been considered previously for artificial Kerr media.1 We have applied the same idea to barium titanate, since the existence of the higher-order gratings in this material has been known to us for some time. In our experiment, two 1.06-µm cw Nd:YAG laser beams wrote a grating in a poled photorefractive barium titanate crystal. Then a second harmonic of the YAG at 0.532 µm read out the grating in a counterpropagating direction to one of the writing beams. In this geometry, the usual Bragg condition is not satisfied. The reflectivity of the 0.532-µm signal was rather weak, ~0.01%, with ~0.1-mW reading beam power. The buildup time was around 3 s, with loosely focused writing beams with 50-mW power in each beam. The same experiment with a SBN crystal showed no significant harmonic phase conjugation. Finally, we stress that this effect is different from the previously published result.2
The second-order correlation function of light g(2)(τ) constitutes a pivotal tool to quantify the quantum behavior of an emitter and in turn its potential for quantum information applications. The experimentally accessible time resolution of g(2)(τ) is usually limited by the jitter of available single-photon detectors. Here, we present a versatile technique allowing g(2)(τ) to be measured from a large variety of light signals with a time resolution given by the pulse length of a mode-locked laser. The technique is based on frequency upconversion in a nonlinear waveguide, and we analyze its properties and limitations by modeling the pulse propagation and the frequency conversion process. We measure g(2)(τ) from various signals including light from a quantum emitter—a confined exciton-polariton structure—revealing its quantum signatures at a scale of a few picoseconds and demonstrating the capability of the technique.
A study is made of the excitation of inhomogeneous holographic gratings by ultrashort light pulses with an arbitrary amplitude and phase modulation in a cubic nonlinear medium. The relaxation and diffusion of a pulse-induced grating is considered. The problem of diffraction of probe radiation by an inhomogeneous grating is solved using an electrodynamic theory of perturbations and also using the coupled wave approximation. It is shown that a cubic nonlinear medium may be used to store and then to retrieve uniquely a complete complex coherence function of a pulse. A simple method is proposed for the determination of the area under an exciting pulse, which makes it possible to introduce integral parameters of such a pulse (including a generalized amplitude and duration) that can serve as satisfactory estimates of the corresponding real quantities.